Table 2.
Characteristic of included studies.
| Author (year) | Study design | Country of study origin | Subjects | Antiviral agent of interest | Other treatment used | Baseline ages |
| Non-COVID19 participants | ||||||
| Baker et al (2006)[26] | Quasi-experimental | Virginia, United States | N (male vs female) = 26 vs 23Opioid dependence | LPV/r (400 mg/100 mg, twice daily for 7 days, n = 9)RTV (100 mg, twice daily for 10 days, n = 10) | All subjects received: buprenorphine/naloxone 16.3 ± 1.1 mgOther Group of study:Delavirdine (n = 10)Efavirenz (n = 10)Nelfinavir (n = 10) | 35.8 ± 7.9 |
| Busti et al (2006)[22] | Quasi-experimental | Texas, United States | N (all male) = 21HIV (+) patients | ATV (300 mg once daily for 1 month, n = 2)ATV/r (300 mg/100 mg once daily for 1 month, n = 19) | Other drug used (% Subjects):Lamivudin (33%)Stavudine (19%)Didanosine enteric release (9.5%)Abacavir (19%)Tenofovir (43%)Lamivudine/Zidovudine (19%)Lamvudine/Abacavir/Zidovudine (19%)Efavirenz (24%) | 48.7 ± 7.9 |
| Sarapa et al (2008)[23] | Randomized, crossed-over, placebo and positive-controlled trial | Texas, United States | N (male vs female) = 33 vs 32Healthy | Group 1 (n = 65) = RTV (100 mg, single dose) | Group 2 (n = 65) = Moxifloxacin (400 mg, single dose)Group 3 (n = 65) = Placebo | 32.7 (18–55) |
| Rathbun et al (2009)[27] | Quasi-experimental | Oklahoma, United States | N (male vs female) = 6 vs 2HIV (+) patients | Group of Arm A:Day 1–6 = ATV/r(300 mg/100 mg, daily)Day 7–16 = ATV (300 mg daily) and LPV/r(400 mg/100 mg, twice daily)Day 17–20 = ATV (300 mg daily) and LPV/r (800 mg/200 mg, daily)Group of Arm B:Day 1–6 = LPV/r (400 mg/100 mg, twice daily)Day 7–12 = LPV/r (400 mg/100 mg, twice daily) and ATV (300 mg, daily) | All subjects continued pre-existing NRTIs:Tenofovir/emtricitabine (n = 7)Zidovudine/Lamivudine (n = 2)Abacavir/Lamivudine (n = 1)Didanosine (n = 1)Tenofovir (n = 1)Other treatment used:TMP/SMX (n = 3)Ranitidine (n = 2)Triamcinolone nasal spray (n = 1)Mirtazepine (n = 1)Methylphenidate (n = 1)Fish oil (n = 3)Azithromycin (n = 1)Fluconazole (n = 1)Paroxetine (n = 1)Dapsone (n = 1)Lisinopril (n = 2)Enalapril (n = 1)Hydrochlorothiazide (n = 1)Atorvastatin (n = 2)Alprazolam (n = 1)Gemfibrozil (n = 1)Trazodone (n = 1) | 45.2 (37–52) |
| Byakika-Kibwika et al (2011)[24] | Quasi-experimental | Kampala, Uganda | N (male vs female) = 31 vs 41HIV (+) patients | LPV/r (400 mg/100 mg, for 1 month) | All subjects received:Artemeter-lumefantrine (80 mg/480 mg, single dose)TMP/SMX | LPV/r Arm = 38 (33–41)ART naïve arm = 34 (28–39) |
| Zhang et al (2012)[28] | Randomized, double-blind, crossed-over, placebo and positive-controlled trial | Strasbourg, France | N (male vs female) = 35 vs 21Healthy | Group A:SQV/r 1000 mg/100 mg, twice daily for 3 days)Group BSQV/r (1500 mg/100 mg, twice daily for 3 days) | Group CMoxifloxacin 400 mg on day 3 onlyGroup DPlacebo | 34 (18–54) |
| Boffito et al (2015)[29] | Quasi-experimental | London, United Kingdom | N (all male) = 21HIV (+) patients | Day 1–7 = SQV/r (500 mg/100 mg, twice daily)Day 8–14 = SQV/r (1000 mg/100 mg, twice daily) | All subjects received: Tenofovir/Emtricitabine | 33 ± 9 |
| Vicente et al (2019)[25] | Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial | Wisconsin, United States | N (male vs female) = 38 vs 22Healthy | LPV/r (800 mg/200 mg, twice daily, for 3 days) (n = 50) | Ranolazine 1500 mg (twice daily, for 3 days) (n = 10)Verapamil 480 mg (day 1, day 2) + 120 mg (Day 3) (n = 10)Chloroquine 1000 mg (day 1) + 1500 mg (day 2) + 1000 mg (day 3) (n = 50) | 31.7 ± 8.7 |
| COVID-19 participants | ||||||
| Cao et al (2020)[30] | Randomized, controlled trial | Hubei, China | Study Group:N (male vs female) = 61 vs 38Control Group: N (male vs female) = 59 vs 41COVID-19 | LPV/r (400 mg/100 mg, twice daily, for 14 days) | Study group received (as needed):Supplemental oxygen (n = 72)Noninvasive and invasive ventilation (n = 10)Antibiotic agents (n = 94)Vasopressor (n = 17)Renal replacement therapy (n = 3)Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (n = 2)Control group received (as needed):Supplemental oxygen (n = 67)Noninvasive and invasive Ventilation (n = 19)Antibiotic agents (n = 95)Vasopressor (n = 27)Renal replacement therapy (n = 6)Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (n = 2) | Study vs Control = 58.0 (50.0–68.0) vs 58.0 (48.0–68.0) |