Table 1. Patient characteristics and all-cause mortality.
| Patients hospitalized for a COVID-19-related principal diagnosis | Total | In-hospital all-cause mortality | 30-day all-cause mortality after hospital admission | 90-day all-cause mortality after hospital admission | 180-day all-cause mortality after hospital admission |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (n = 8,679) | (n = 2,161) | (n = 2,073) | (n = 2,425) | (n = 2,566) | |
| N (row percentage of total patients) | |||||
| Total (N) | 8,679 (100.0%) | 2,161 (24.9%) | 2,073 (23.9%) | 2,425 (27.9%) | 2,566 (29.6%) |
| Male | 4,641 (53.5%) | 1,293 (27.9%) | 1,209 (26.1%) | 1,416 (30.5%) | 1,489 (32.1%) |
| Female | 4,038 (46.5%) | 868 (21.5%) | 864 (21.4%) | 1,009 (25.0%) | 1,077 (26.8%) |
| Age, years | (value refers to column total) | ||||
| Mean (SD) | 68.6 (16.6) | 78.4 (11.0) | 79.2 (10.6) | 78.8 (10.9) | 78.9 (10.9) |
| Median (IQR) | 72.0 (57.0–82.0) | 81.0 (73.0–86.0) | 81.0 (75.0–86.0) | 81.0 (73.0–86.0) | 81.0 (73.0–86.0) |
| Age groups, years | N (row percentage of total patients) | ||||
| 18–59 years | 2,451 (28.2%) | 152 (6.2%) | 123 (5.0%) | 158 (6.4%) | 165 (6.7%) |
| 60–69 years | 1,506 (17.4%) | 263 (17.5%) | 221 (14.7%) | 282 (18.7%) | 291 (19.3%) |
| 70–79 years | 1,905 (21.9%) | 548 (28.8%) | 504 (26.5%) | 598 (31.4%) | 638 (33.5%) |
| 80 years and older | 2,817 (32.5%) | 1,198 (42.5%) | 1,225 (43.5%) | 1,387 (49.2%) | 1,472 (52.3%) |
| Elixhauser comorbidities | N (row percentage of total patients) | ||||
| Hypertension | 4,920 (56.7%) | 1,296 (26.3%) | 1,227 (24.9%) | 1,478 (30.0%) | 1,577 (32.1%) |
| Fluid and electrolyte disorders | 4,641 (53.5%) | 1,445 (31.1%) | 1,343 (28.9%) | 1,618 (34.9%) | 1,710 (36.8%) |
| Cardiac arrhythmias | 2,373 (27.3%) | 940 (39.6%) | 876 (36.9%) | 1,035 (43.6%) | 1,101 (46.4%) |
| Renal failure | 1,994 (23.0%) | 770 (38.6%) | 746 (37.4%) | 878 (44.0%) | 942 (47.2%) |
| Diabetes, uncomplicated | 1,912 (22.0%) | 575 (30.1%) | 537 (28.1%) | 631 (33.0%) | 664 (34.7%) |
| Congestive heart failure | 1,652 (19.0%) | 700 (42.4%) | 631 (38.2%) | 769 (46.5%) | 823 (49.8%) |
| Chronic pulmonary disease | 1,188 (13.7%) | 360 (30.3%) | 327 (27.5%) | 389 (32.7%) | 420 (35.4%) |
| Diabetes, complicated | 734 (8.5%) | 280 (38.1%) | 261 (35.6%) | 312 (42.5%) | 333 (45.4%) |
| Other neurological disorders | 671 (7.7%) | 255 (38%) | 235 (35.0%) | 296 (44.1%) | 312 (46.5%) |
| Coagulopathy | 623 (7.2%) | 285 (45.7%) | 210 (33.7%) | 290 (46.5%) | 307 (49.3%) |
| Depression | 601 (6.9%) | 104 (17.3%) | 101 (16.8%) | 125 (20.8%) | 144 (24.0%) |
| Liver disease | 411 (4.7%) | 184 (44.8%) | 139 (33.8%) | 187 (45.5%) | 194 (47.2%) |
| Pulmonary circulation disorders | 358 (4.1%) | 157 (43.9%) | 126 (35.2%) | 164 (45.8%) | 175 (48.9%) |
| Weight loss | 351 (4.0%) | 116 (33%) | 98 (27.9%) | 125 (35.6%) | 142 (40.5%) |
| Metastatic cancer | 53 (0.6%) | 26 (49.1%) | 23 (43.4%) | 32 (60.4%) | 37 (69.8%) |
| Further comorbidities | N (row percentage of total patients) | ||||
| Cognitive impairment | 2,207 (25.4%) | 718 (32.5%) | 719 (32.6%) | 874 (39.6%) | 947 (42.9%) |
| Delir, anoxia encephalopathy, somnolence, sopor and coma | 1,058 (12.2%) | 379 (35.8%) | 330 (31.2%) | 429 (40.5%) | 459 (43.4%) |
| BMI ≥ 40 | 173 (2.0%) | 59 (34.1%) | 45 (26.0%) | 60 (34.7%) | 62 (35.8%) |
| Length of stay of index hospitalization | (value refers to column total) | ||||
| Mean (SD) | 16.5 (19.5) | 12.8 (14.2) | 9.6 (7.3) | 13.0 (12.7) | 14.0 (15.1) |
| Median (IQR) | 10.0 (6.0–20.0) | 8.0 (4.0–16.0) | 7.0 (4.0–14.0) | 9.0 (4.0–17.0) | 9.0 (5.0–18.0) |
| Ventilation during index hospitalization | N (row percentage of total patients) | ||||
| Not ventilated | 6,865 (79.1%) | 1,248 (18.2%) | 1,304 (19.0%) | 1,503 (21.9%) | 1,621 (23.6%) |
| Invasive ventilation | 1,608 (18.5%) | 832 (51.7%) | 695 (43.2%) | 836 (52.0%) | 853 (53.0%) |
| Only non-invasive ventilation | 206 (2.4%) | 81 (39.3%) | 74 (35.9%) | 86 (41.7%) | 92 (44.7%) |
| Procedures during index hospitalization | N (row percentage of total patients) | ||||
| Dialysis | 838 (9.7%) | 474 (56.6%) | 382 (45.6%) | 482 (57.5%) | 508 (60.6%) |
| Tracheostomy | 582 (6.7%) | 221 (38.0%) | 118 (20.3%) | 217 (37.3%) | 230 (39.5%) |
| Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation | 160 (1.8%) | 102 (63.8%) | 68 (42.5%) | 100 (62.5%) | 102 (63.8%) |
| Haemofiltration | 51 (0.6%) | 37 (72.5%) | 33 (64.7%) | 37 (72.5%) | 37 (72.5%) |
| Complications during index hospitalization | N (row percentage of total patients) | ||||
| Septic shock | 1,406 (16.2%) | 746 (53.1%) | 635 (45.2%) | 764 (54.3%) | 787 (56.0%) |
| ARDS | 1,329 (15.3%) | 692 (52.1%) | 590 (44.4%) | 696 (52.4%) | 708 (53.3%) |
| Renal failure post procedure | 1,252 (14.4%) | 739 (59.0%) | 637 (50.9%) | 766 (61.2%) | 795 (63.5%) |
| Lung embolism | 188 (2.2%) | 74 (39.4%) | 61 (32.4%) | 78 (41.5%) | 81 (43.1%) |
| Intracerebral bleeding, cerebral infarction, stroke | 122 (1.4%) | 60 (49.2%) | 44 (36.1%) | 63 (51.6%) | 65 (53.3%) |
| Acute myocardial infarction | 112 (1.3%) | 66 (58.9%) | 60 (53.6%) | 69 (61.6%) | 70 (62.5%) |
| Deep vein thrombosis | 88 (1.0%) | 18 (20.5%) | 15 (17.0%) | 23 (26.1%) | 27 (30.7%) |
| Myocarditis | 38 (0.4%) | 13 (34.2%) | 11 (28.9%) | 14 (36.8%) | 14 (36.8%) |
| Lung edema | 15 (0.2%) | 2 (13.3%) | 0 (0.0%) | 2 (13.3%) | 3 (20.0%) |
Data are n (%), median (IQR) or mean (SD). BMI: Body Mass Index; ARDS: Acute respiratory distress syndrome.