Table 2. Comparison of factors related to hyperbilirubinemia according to survival.
| All (N = 427) | Survivors (N = 102, 23.9%) | Non-survivors (N = 325, 76.1%) | p-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Peak bilirubin value (mg/dL) | 20.36 ± 10.87 | 19.38 ± 7.87 | 24.61 ± 11.37 | <0.001a |
| Peak bilirubin grade | <0.001e | |||
| 1 (12–15) | 111 (26.0%) | 42 (37.8%) | 69 (62.2%) | |
| 2 (15–20) | 99 (23.2%) | 28 (28.3%) | 71 (71.7%) | |
| 3 (20–30) | 131(30.7%) | 24 (18.3%) | 107 (81.7%) | |
| 4 (30-) | 86(20.1%) | 8 (9.3%) | 78 (90.7%) | |
| Laboratory analyses (median [IQR]) | ||||
| AST (IU/L) | 119.00 (53.60~467.43) | 83.86 (47.43~210.27) | 135.69 (58.90~594.25) | 0.013b |
| ALT (IU/L) | 76.00 (36.65~235.74) | 56.97 (32.78~188.81) | 82.19 (37.92~247.07) | 0.127b |
| ALP (IU/L) | 121.50 (83.29~200.25) | 115.49 (80.64~180.00) | 122.85 (84.46~201.00) | 0.400b |
| GGT (IU/L) | 79.27 (41.70~185.54) | 87.33 (47.67~209.00) | 77.29 (40.80~180.75) | 0.317b |
| INR | 1.65 (1.40~2.08) | 1.47 (1.24~1.75) | 1.71 (1.47~2.16) | <0.001b |
| Albumin (g/dL) | 2.78 (2.53~3.03) | 2.83 (2.61~3.01) | 2.77 (2.51~3.06) | 0.134b |
| CRP (mg/dL) | 10.21 (5.50~15.42) | 9.80 (5.58~14.04) | 10.35 (5.48~15.68) | 0.291b |
| Lactate (mg/dL) | 3.44 (2.32~5.36) | 2.33 (1.73~3.44) | 3.87 (2.71~6.35) | <0.001b |
| Cause of hyperbilirubinemiaf | ||||
| Obstructive | 40 | 16 | 24 | |
| Stone | 14 (3.3%) | 7 (6.9%) | 7 (2.2%) | 0.048d |
| Stricture | 23 (5.4%) | 8 (7.8%) | 15 (4.6%) | 0.208c |
| Neoplasm | 3 (0.7%) | 1 (1.0%) | 2 (0.6%) | 0.560d |
| Non-obstructive | 814 | 188 | 626 | |
| Hypoxic hepatitis | 141 (33.0%) | 25 (24.5%) | 116 (35.7%) | 0.036c |
| Infection including sepsis | 270 (63.2%) | 62 (60.8%) | 208 (64.0%) | 0.557c |
| Primary liver disease | 115 (26.9%) | 21 (20.6%) | 94 (28.9%) | 0.098c |
| Traumatic or surgical liver injury | 14 (3.3%) | 5 (4.9%) | 9 (2.8%) | 0.338d |
| Pigment overload | 90 (21.1%) | 27 (26.5%) | 63 (19.4%) | 0.126c |
| Drug | 107 (25.1%) | 33 (32.4%) | 74 (22.8%) | 0.051c |
| Other organ failure-relation | 71 (16.6%) | 15 (14.7%) | 56 (17.2%) | 0.550c |
| Long-term NPO | 6 (1.4%) | 0 (0.0%) | 6 (1.8%) | 0.343d |
| Type of hyperbilirubinemia | 0.125c | |||
| Direct | 341 (84.8%) | 87 (25.5%) | 254 (74.5%) | |
| Indirect | 61 (15.2%) | 10 (16.4%) | 51 (83.6%) |
IQR: interquartile range; IU: international unit; AST: aspartate aminotransferase; ALT: alanine aminotransferase; ALP: alkaline phosphatase; GGT: γ(gamma)-glutamyl transferase; INR: international normalized ratio; CRP: c-reactive protein; NPO: nil-per-os.
Non-survival: current hospital death.
Laboratory analyses: median values of calculated means in each and every patient obtained during the 15 days before and after the first incidence of serum total bilirubin ≧ 12 mg/dL after ICU admission
Cause of hyperbilirubinemia: the factor identified as two most important causes of extreme hyperbilirubinemia in each patient
aIndependent T test
bMann-Whitney test
cChi-square test
dFisher’s exact test
eCochran-Armitage trend test
fCategorized multiple response analysis.