Table 1.
Animal studies related to melatonin improvement in vitrification freezing.
| Animals | Period | Concentration | Main results | Year | Ref |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mice | Oocytes (GV stage) | 10−7 mol/L | ↑ oocyte maturation, ↑MMP, ↑ATP, ↓ ROS, ↑GSH, ↑SAC-related genes | 2019 | [37] |
| Mice | Oocytes (MII stage) | 10−9 mol/L | ↑ ovarian cleavage rate and 4-cell embryo formation rate, ↑blastocyst development rate, ↑ MZT, ↓ ROS | 2016 | [33] |
| Mice | Oocytes (GV stage) | 10−11 mol/L | ↓ mitochondrial heat production, ↓ ROS level, ↑ mtDNA copy number, ↓ aneuploidy incidence | 2019 | [97] |
| Mice | Oocytes (MII stage) | 10−9 mol/L | ↑G1/S embryo percentage, ↓ ROS and GSH, ↓ P53, ↓ P21, ↓ E2F1 | 2018 | [45] |
| Cattle | Embryos (Zygote) | 10−7 mol/L | ↑ ovarian cleavage rate, ↑ 8-cell embryo production rate, ↑ DNMT3A, ↑ OCC, ↑ CDH1, ↓ AQP3 | 2014 | [98] |
| Cattle | Embryos (Two-cell) | 10−12 mol/L | ↑ ovarian cleavage rate, ↑ blastocyst formation rate, ↑ GSH, ↑ Bcl-X1, ↓ Bax | 2014 | [99] |
| 10−9 mol/L | ↑ nourishment of the ectoderm, ↑ endocytosis number, ↑ GSH | ||||
| Cattle | Oocytes (MII stage) | 10−9 mol/L | ↓ ROS, ↓ mCa2+, ↓ Bax, ↓ Caspase-3 protein level, ↓ PS externalization rate, ↓ DNA fragmentation rate, ↑ MMP | 2015 | [44] |
| Rabbits | Embryos (Morula) | 10−3 mol/L | ↑ blastocyst development rate, ↑ GST activity, ↑ SOD activity, ↓ LPO, ↓ NO | 2015 | [100] |
GV stage: maturation of the suppressed state of the germinal vesicle; MII: midsecond meiotic division; ROS: reactive oxygen species; GSH: glutathione; SAC genes: spindle assembly checkpoint-related genes; MZT: maternal to embryonic regulation-related genes; mtDNA: mitochondrial DNA; G1 phase: pre-DNA synthesis phase; S phase: DNA synthesis phase; P53, P21, E2F1: cell cycle-related genes; DNMT3A: DNA methyltransferase 3a; OCC: occluded protein; CDH1: calcium adhesion; AQP3: water channel protein 3; Bax: proapoptotic gene; Bcl-X1: B-cell lymphoma/leukemia-x long; mCa2+: mitochondrial Ca2+; PS: phosphatidylserine; GST: antioxidant enzyme glutathione-S-transferase; SOD: superoxide dismutase; LPO: lipid peroxidation; NO: nitric oxide.