Table 2.

Human cell studies: PEMFs exposure conditions used in in vitro studies.

No.	Cell line	Frequencies and intensities	Cell response	Result	Year	First author
1	Retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells	Frequency of 50 Hz Intensity of 1 mT	Cell proliferation, cell death, and gene expression	Transcript levels of proangiogenic genes (HIF-1α, VEGFA, VEGFR-2, CTGF, cathepsin D TIMP-1, E2F3, MMP-2, and MMP-9) increased	2019	Oladnabi et al. [56]
2	Adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (AD-MSCs)	Frequency of 5 Hz Intensity of 1.1 mT	Cell proliferation	PEMF can be beneficial to tissue-derived stem cell proliferation	2018	Daish et al. [16]
3	Adipose-derived stem cells (ASCs)	Frequency of 50 Hz Intensity of 1 mT	Cell proliferation, cell differentiation Gene expression Protein expression	PEMF could promote cell proliferation and osteogenic differentiation. Bone-related gene expression and protein expression of OPN, OCN, and RUNX-2 increased	2018	Yin et al. [17]
4	Human adipose-derived mesenchymal stromal cells (hAMSC)	Frequencies:10, 16, 20.6, 23.8, 26, 33, 49.9, 52.3, 75.6, and 90.6 Hz	Cell proliferation, gene expression Protein expression	PEMF showed significant upregulations of collagen I, alkaline phosphatase, and osteocalcin	2018	Poh et al. [18]
5	H4 glioma cells	Frequency of 7 Hz Intensity of 30 mT	Cell apoptosis	LFPEMF stimulation of H4 glioma cell cultures induced apoptosis in exposed cells.	2018	Kaszuba-Zwoińska et al. [38]
6	Mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs)	Frequency of 75 Hz, the intensity peak of 1.5 mT	Gene expression	The exposure to PEMFs did not produce any change on notch-related genes	2017	Bagheri et al. [20]
7	Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs)	The frequency of 50 Hz Intensity of 2.25 mT	Cell proliferation Gene expression Protein expression	Proteins and mRNA expression levels of Akt, mTOR, and TGF-β1 were elevated	2017	Cheng et al. [59]
8	Human mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs)	Frequency of 15 Hz Flux densities between 1–4 mT.	Gene expression	Brief and single exposures to low amplitude PEMFs were most effective at stimulating MSC chondrogenesis.	2017	Parate et al. [21]