Table 5.

Human cell studies: PEMF exposure conditions used in in vitro studies.

No.	Cell line	Frequencies and intensities	Cell response analysis	Result	Year	First author
21	Human dermal fibroblasts (HDF), human epidermal keratinocytes (HEK), and human mononuclear cells (HMNC)	Pulse frequency of 1 kHz, intensity of 6.7 A/m	Gene expression	PEMF treatment changed the relative amount of messenger (m) RNA encoding enzymes involved in heme catabolism and removal of reactive oxygen species.	2015	Kubat et al. [60]
22	Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (CEM/C2), B-cell lymphoma (SU-DHL-4), colorectal adenocarcinoma (COLO-320DM), breast adenocarcinoma (MDABM-468), and ductal carcinoma (ZR-75-1)	Frequencies of 15 Hz, 125 Hz, and 625 Hz intensity of 5 mT	Cell morphology, cell viability, and cell apoptosis	A PEMF of 125 Hz and 625 Hz for 24 h–48 h increased proliferation activity in the 2 types of cancer cell lines used	2015	Loja et al. [48]
23	Human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells	Frequency of 75 Hz Intensity of 2 mT	Enzymatic activity, cell proliferation, cell viability, and cell apoptosis	Basal MnSOD specific activity was higher in PEMF stimulated cells when compared to cells not treated with PEMF	2015	Osera et al. [42]
24	Human bone marrow stromal cells (hBMSCs)	Frequency of 200 Hz Intensities of 0.6, 1 tesla	Cell proliferation Cell differentiation	Proliferation and the osteogenic differentiation of hBMSCs were increased	2014	Fu et al. [31]
25	Human amniotic epithelial cells (AECs)	Frequency of 50 Hz Intensity of 1 mT	Cell differentiation Gene expression Protein expression	The PEMF stimulation could induce osteogenic differentiation, as shown by the expression of osteoblast-specific genes and proteins including alkaline phosphatase and osteocalcin	2014	Wang et al. [35]