Table 6.
Human cell studies: PEMF exposure conditions used in in vitro studies.
No. | Cell line | Frequencies and intensities | Cell response analysis | Result | Year | First author |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
26 | Human tendon cells (hTCs) | Intensities of 1.5 and 3 mT | Cell viability Cell proliferation Gene expression |
Proliferation and the viability of hTCs were enhanced by PEMF | 2014 | de Girolamo et al. [61] |
27 | Human umbilical cord-derived Mesenchymal stem cells |
Frequency of 75 Hz, intensity of 1.8-3 mT | Cell morphology Gene expression |
Morphological data showed that the treatment with PMEF reduced the time to obtain cell differentiation. | 2013 | Esposito et al. [36] |
28 | Human disc cells | Frequency of 15 Hz. Intensity of 1.6 mT | Gene expression Protein expression |
BMP-7 and BMP-2 were upregulated by PEMF | 2013 | Okada et al. [63] |
29 | Tendon cells (TCs) (human) | Frequency of 75 Hz, intensity of 1.5 mT | Cell morphology, cell viability, cell apoptosis, and gene expression | PEMF exposure is not cytotoxic and is able to stimulate TCs' proliferation | 2013 | de Girolamo et al. [15] |
30 | Human disc cells (intervertebral disc (IVD)) | Frequency of 15 Hz Intensity of 1.6 mT |
Gene expression Protein expression |
mRNA expression of BMP-2 was upregulated by PEMF alone | 2013 | Okada et al. [64] |
31 | MCF7, MCF10 | Frequencies of 20 and 50 Hz Intensities of 2.0, 3.0, and 5.0 mT |
Cell apoptosis | MCF7 cancer cells were particularly vulnerable to 3 mT PEMFs. | 2013 | Crocetti et al. [45] |
32 | Bone marrow MSCs (BM-MSCs) Adipose tissue mesenchymal stem cells (ASC) |
Frequency of 75 Hz, intensity of 2 mT | Cell viability Cell proliferation Cell morphology Cell apoptosis Gene expression Cell differentiation |
After PEMF exposure, in comparison with ASCs, BM-MSCs showed an increase in cell proliferation | 2013 | Ceccarelli et al. [19] |
33 | Human osteogenic sarcoma SaOS-2 Bone marrow-derived human MSCs |
Frequency of 15 Hz, intensity of 0.1 mT | Cell proliferation Gene expression |
PEMF caused a minor increase in expression of osteogenic markers of MSCs | 2012 | Kaivosoja et al. [50] |