Table 7.

Human cell studies: PEMF exposure conditions used in in vitro studies.

No.	Cell line	Frequencies and intensities	Cell response analysis	Result	Year	First author
34	Human mesenchymal stem cell osteoblast	Frequencies of 5, 25, 50, 75, 100, and 150 Hz, intensity of 1.1 mT,	Cell differentiation	Levels of human mesenchymal stem cell differentiation changed by PEMF	2012	Luo et al. [37]
35	Stromal cells of human bone marrow (BMSC)	Frequency of 75 Hz, intensity of 1.8-3 mT	Gene expression, cell differentiation	The cells treated with PEMF began differentiation earlier than untreated cells.	2012	Esposito et al. [24]
36	Human breast carcinoma cells (T47D)	Frequencies of 100, 217 Hz intensity of 0.1 mT	Cell proliferation, cell viability, cell morphology, protein expression, and ROS production	PEMF induced a time-dependent decrease in cell growth after 72 h	2012	Sadeghipour et al. [49]
37	Human peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC)	Frequency of 7 Hz flux density of 30 mT	Cell apoptosis	PEMF induced apoptosis in PBMC	2011	Kaszuba-Zwoińska et al. [58]
38	Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMMSCs)	Frequency of 15 Hz flux density of 1.8 mT	Cell proliferation Cell apoptosis Gene expression Protein expression	PEMF treated cells also showed greater MMP-2 expression compared to unstimulated cells.	2011	Griffin et al. [27]
39	Human bone marrow-derived stromal cell (BMSC) Human fetal preosteoblasts (SVHFO)	Frequency of 15 Hz Flux density of 0.1 mT	Cell proliferation Cell differentiation Gene expression Signal pathway	PEMF treatment increased mRNA levels of bone morphogenetic protein 2, transforming growth factor-beta 1, osteoprotegerin, matrix metalloproteinase-1 and -3, osteocalcin, and bone sialoprotein	2010	Jansen et al. [28]
40	Osteoblast-like cell cultures (MG-63)	Frequency of 75 Hz Flux density of 3 mT	Gene expression	PEMFs induced the upregulation of important genes related to bone formation genes, however, PEMF induced downregulation of genes related to the degradation of extracellular matrix		Sollazzo et al. [53]