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. 2021 Jun 25;40(31):4992–5001. doi: 10.1038/s41388-021-01896-1

Fig. 7. A proposed model of PD-L1 blockade by activated T cell-derived exosomal PD-1 particles.

Fig. 7

T cells activated upon antigen recognition release exosomal PD-1 to restrict surface and exosomal PD-L1-induced inhibition. Exosomal PD-1 can either block surface PD-L1 loci and induce consequent tumor PD-L1 internalization via clathrin-mediated endocytosis, or neutralize exosomal PD-L1 and prevent its binding to T cell surface PD-1. Altogether, exosomal PD-1 helps to maintain T cell cytotoxicity against tumor cells.