Table 1.

Overview of muscular dystrophies and the associated cardiac abnormalities

	General			Cardiologic manifestations
				Clinical			CMR
Disease	Pathology	Inheritance	Age of onset of primary manifestation	Cardiac involvement (%)	Potential phenotype	Common/typical conduction disturbances/arrhythmias	LGE	Fat/Water
Duchenne muscular dystrophy	Dystrophinopathy	X-linked recessive	3–5 years	Up to 90 [2]	DCM	Sinus tachycardia, ventricular tachycardias	+	+
Becker muscular dystrophy	Dystrophinopathy	X-linked recessive	6–20 (variable)	60–70 [3]	DCM	AV nodal and bundle branch blocks	+	No data
Emery-Dreifuss muscular dystrophy	Nuclear envelopathies, laminopathies	X-linked recessive, autosomal dominant or recessive	10–20 years	50–90 (highly variable) [4]	DCM, HCM, LVNC, biatrial dilation	Bradycardias (AV blocks), tachycardias (SVTs)	Rare, if present associated with tachycardias	Rare
Limb girdle muscular dystrophy	Calpainopathies, sarcoglycanopathies, etc.	Autosomal dominant or recessive	5-20	25–90 [5]	DCM, HCM	SVTs, VTs	+	+
Myofibrillar myopathy	Desminopathy, etc.	Autosomal dominant (other forms exist)	2–50 (highly variable)	15–30 [6]	DCM, HCM, LVNC	Complete AV block	No data	No data
Facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy	DUX/SMCHD1 gene	Autosomal dominant (other forms exist)	0–20	5–15 [7]	DCM (rare)	RBBB, SVTs	+	+
Myotonic dystrophy type 1	DMPK gene	Autosomal dominant	0–50 (highly variable)	60–80 [8]	DCM, HCM	AV Blocks, QTc/QRS prolongation, VES, Afib, Aflatter, RBBB/LBBB, VTs	+	No data
Myotonic dystrophy type 2	ZNF-9 gene	Autosomal dominant	30–50	Up to 25 [9]	DCM, HCM	Afib	+	+