Table 2.

GEE analysis of association between social engagement and cognitive decline measured via K-MMSE.

	Men			Women
	β*	S.E	p-value	β*	S.E	p-value
Social engagement
Consistently engaged	Ref			Ref
Non-engaged to engaged	− 0.656	0.788	0.405	− 0.496	0.446	0.266
Engaged to non-engaged	− 1.570	0.804	0.051	− 0.686	0.470	0.144
Consistently non-engaged	− 1.987	0.555	0.000	− 1.743	0.302	< .0001
Age group
< 60	Ref			Ref
60–69	− 0.283	0.345	0.412	− 1.268	0.297	< .0001
70–79	− 2.155	0.386	< .0001	− 4.216	0.307	< .0001
≥ 80	− 4.414	0.456	< .0001	− 8.302	0.340	< .0001
Marital status
Married	Ref			Ref
Separated/Divorced	− 0.341	0.392	0.385	0.007	0.422	0.986
Widowed	− 0.027	0.459	0.954	− 0.699	0.226	0.002
Income
None	− 2.003	0.415	< .0001	− 1.125	0.489	0.021
Low	− 1.158	0.490	0.018	− 1.146	0.533	0.032
Medium	− 0.387	0.480	0.420	0.158	0.582	0.787
High	Ref			Ref
Education
< Primary	− 1.996	0.31	< .0001	− 2.53	0.329	< .0001
Secondary	0.371	0.341	0.2763	− 0.886	0.376	0.0186
Tertiary	Ref			Ref
> Tertiary	0.18	0.432	0.6766	0.044	0.825	0.9568
Home ownership
Yes	Ref			Ref
No	1.172	0.264	< .0001	1.057	0.199	< .0001
Household size (person/people)
1	0.666	0.407	0.102	− 0.146	0.250	0.560
2	Ref			Ref
≥ 3	− 0.140	0.261	0.591	− 0.524	0.206	0.011
Depression*
Yes	− 2.994	0.886	0.001	− 0.201	0.674	0.765
No	Ref			Ref
Self-reported health
Very good	Ref			Ref
Good	− 0.306	1.136	0.788	1.491	0.949	0.116
Average	− 0.832	1.126	0.460	0.763	0.928	0.411
Bad	− 2.632	1.136	0.021	− 0.641	0.930	0.490
Very Bad	− 6.583	1.181	< .0001	− 4.741	0.956	< .0001
Chronic illness
0	0.617	0.327	0.059	1.142	0.259	< .0001
1	0.316	0.321	0.325	0.645	0.246	0.009
≥ 2	Ref			Ref
Drinking status
Non-drinker	Ref			Ref
Past drinker	0.799	0.327	0.015	0.391	0.260	0.133
Current drinker	0.640	0.344	0.063	− 0.140	0.298	0.637
Smoking status
Non-smoker	Ref			Ref
Past smoker	0.366	0.319	0.252	0.957	0.477	0.045
Current smoker	0.541	0.340	0.111	0.797	0.397	0.045

*Sum of CESD-10 ≥ 10 (Lee et al. 2014).