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. 2021 Aug 5;11:15921. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-95495-5

Table 2.

Sleep arrangements and sleep variables by gender (number or mean ± s.d., *p < 0.05).

Boys (n = 44) Girls (n = 57) p-value
Home environment
Siblings
 Yes 29 (28.7%) 39 (38.6%)
 No 15 (14.9%) 18 (17.8%) 0.790
Child having own room
 Yes 2 (2.0%) 2 (2.0%)
 No 42 (41.6%) 55 (54.5%) 0.791
Co-sleeping with parents
 Yes 33 (32.7%) 45 (44.6%)
 No 11 (10.9%) 12 (11.9%) 0.639
Nighttime feeding
Breastmilk 16 (15.8%) 15 (14.9%)
Formula 6 (5.9%) 9 (8.9%)
No feeding 22 (21.8%) 33 (32.7%) 0.555
Putting children to sleep with formula
Yes 22 (21.8%) 16 (15.8%)
No 22 (21.8%) 41 (40.6%) 0.024*
Nap during daytime
Yes 44 (43.6%) 57 (56.4%)
No 0 (0.0%) 0 (0.0%) n.a
Child attending kindergarten
Yes 14 (13.9%) 17 (16.8%)
No 30 (29.7%) 40 (39.6%) 0.829
Bed time
Weekday 20:56 ± 0:41 20:44 ± 0:39 21:06 ± 0:41 0.701
Weekend 20:58 ± 0:50 20:50 ± 0:45 21:03 ± 0:53 0.254
p-value 0.122 0.513 0.097
Wake time
Weekday 06:56 ± 0:39 06:56 ± 0:37 06:57 ± 0:40 0.534
Weekend 07:04 ± 0:48 07:01 ± 0:49 07:07 ± 0:48 0.987
p-value 0.110 0.166 0.300