Figure 4.

(A) Study setup. In both tasks, the cursor and visual target were projected on the horizontal screen, which hid the participant’s arm from their view. Baseline task: Participants were instructed to reach one of the three targets, which were displayed on the screen. The location of the right index finger was displayed on the monitor as a blue circle. Perspective-transformed task: Participants were instructed to reach one of the three targets while wearing a head-mounted display, which provided a third-person perspective recorded from the camera at the right side of the participant. The hand cursor appeared only at the ‘start’ position. Once the participant began to move his/her arm, the hand cursor disappeared. (B) Experimental paradigms: (a) In the baseline task, full visual feedback on the cursor position was provided, as well as the target and the sound indicating that a reach towards the target was a success or a failure; (b) In the perspective-transformed task, while the hand cursor was unseen during the hand movement, the reward signal was provided, as in the baseline task, irrespective of performance; (c) The actual visual input for participants during the perspective-transformed task; participants observed both the monitor and themselves. The numbers ‘24’ and ‘62’ in the upper part of the display represent examples of a participant’s score. (C) An illustration of the definition of the endpoint bias: If the endpoint is located in a counter-clockwise direction from the line between the start position and the endpoint, then the endpoint bias is negative. In contrast, if the endpoint is located in a clockwise direction from the line between the start position and the endpoint, then the endpoint bias is positive.