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. 2021 Aug 5;8:189. doi: 10.1038/s41438-021-00627-7

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© The Author(s) 2021, corrected publication 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 4 — A Representative graph of ginger showing the root and five rhizome developmental stages was used in sample collection. B Principal component analysis (PCA) of ginger rhizome metabolites identified in positive and negative ion modes. Eight biological replicates were performed for each developmental stage. C Schematic representation of backbone pathways of gingerol biosynthesis and the expression of key genes. The heatmap shows the level of gene expression in different tissues from red (higher expression) to blue (lower expression). The gene names are given on the left, and the tissue names are given at the bottom. The genes include phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL), cinnamate 4-hydroxylase (C4H), 4-coumarate-CoA ligase (4CL), p-coumaroyl shikimate transferase (CST), p-coumaroyl 5-O-quinate/shikimate 3’-hydroxylase (C3’H), caffeoylshikimate esterase (CSE), caffeic acid 3-O-methyltransferase (C3OMT), caffeoyl-CoA O-methyltransferase (CCOMT), polyketide synthase (PKS), NADPH-dependent alkanal/one oxidoreductase (AOR), dehydrogenase (DHN), and dehydratase (DHT). The line graph shows changes in the metabolite contents at different rhizome developmental stages. The vertical axis represents metabolite abundance