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. 2021 Aug 5;11:15892. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-95158-5

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Surgery of SCI model and PSIMA. (A) Design of PSIMA for humans (the anatomy of colon), the sympathetic innervation (T10-L2) and parasympathetic innervation (S2–S4) are showed by dashed lines and blue lines, respectively. The blue arrow indicates the site of the nerve cut, and the black arrow indicates the level of the SCI. (B) The anatomy of accompanying sympathetic plexus and inferior mesenteric artery in a rat. The inferior mesenteric artery (indicated by yellow arrow), which originates from the anterior wall of the bifurcation of the left and right common iliac arteries, is mainly divided into the upper, middle, and lower branches, and with its accompanying sympathetic plexus (indicated by blue arrow) is situated to the distal colon. Lower left panel, an excised sympathetic nerve specimen stained with TH staining. (C) The upper panel showed the damaged segment of the spinal cord, four weeks after SCI (left) with the normal control (right), the lower panel, HE staining under the optical microscope, showed a complete damage at a cross section of the damaged segment. SC (spinal cord), PGC (paravertebral ganglia chain), Inferior N (inferior mesenteric ganglia), Pelvic G (pelvic ganglion), Vagus G (vagus ganglion), Pudendal G (pudendal ganglion), T8 and T10 (the 8th and 10th thoracic levels of the spinal cord), L2 (the second lumbar level of the spinal cord).