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. 2021 Aug 5;11:15981. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-95206-0

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Associations of clinical factors with regional GMV decrease in the left temporal region. Episodic memory scores correlated with lower GMV in the left temporal region. To illustrate the results of the MANCOVAs, scatter plots of (A) episodic memory scores and (B) GDS, and boxplots of (C) onset age and (D) the presence of psychosis are presented. Episodic memory scores (A) had a significant main effect on regional GMV difference, whereas other clinical factors (B–D) did not have significant main effect. In all figures, data from healthy controls are also overlaid for reference. Y-axis in (C,D) represents mean voxel values in the left temporal cluster. EOD early-onset depression, GDS geriatric depression scale, GMV gray matter volume, HC healthy control, LLD late-life depression, LOD late-onset depression, NPMD non-psychotic major depression, PMD psychotic major depression.