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. 2021 Aug 6:1–27. doi: 10.1016/B978-0-323-89777-8.00011-7

Table 1–2.

Pathogen adaptation and pandemic risk.

Stages Transmission to humans Type of pathogen Route of transmission
(1) Transmission to animal reservoir only None H3N8 influenza virus graphic file with name u01-01-9780323897778.gif
(2) Primary infection Only from animals Anthrax graphic file with name u01-02-9780323897778.gif
(3) Limited outbreaks Limited human-to-human transmission chains Marburg virus graphic file with name u01-03-9780323897778.gif
(4) Sustained outbreaks Many human-to-human transmission chains H1N1influenza virus graphic file with name u01-04-9780323897778.gif
(5) Predominant human transmission Human-to-human Smallpox virus graphic file with name u01-05-9780323897778.gif

Source: Adopted from Jamison DT, Gelband H, Horton S, et al., Disease Control Priorities: Improving Health and Reducing Poverty. 3rd edition. Washington (DC): The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/The World Bank; 2017 Nov 27 under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 IGO license (CC BY 3.0 IGO).