Table 1.
Baseline characteristics for patients in cardiogenic shock, at the time of presentation, separated into quintiles by age.
| All (N = 1,412) | Age quintiles | ||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| < 49 (N = 284) | 49–58 (N = 319) | 59–65 (N = 268) | 66–72 (N = 271) | 73+ (N = 270) | p-value | ||||||||
| N | (%) | N | (%) | N | (%) | N | (%) | N | (%) | N | (%) | ||
| Cause of shock | <0.001 | ||||||||||||
| Myocardial infarction | 493 | 34.92 | 52 | 18.31 | 100 | 31.35 | 91 | 33.96 | 107 | 39.48 | 143 | 52.96 | |
| Heart failure | 712 | 50.42 | 165 | 58.1 | 168 | 52.66 | 152 | 56.72 | 133 | 49.08 | 94 | 34.81 | |
| Other | 177 | 12.54 | 61 | 21.48 | 43 | 13.48 | 22 | 8.21 | 25 | 9.23 | 26 | 9.63 | |
| Unknown | 30 | 2.12 | 6 | 2.11 | 8 | 2.51 | 3 | 1.12 | 6 | 2.21 | 7 | 2.59 | |
| Demographics | |||||||||||||
| Male | 1,025 | 72.59 | 201 | 70.77 | 247 | 77.43 | 204 | 76.12 | 193 | 71.22 | 180 | 66.67 | 0.03 |
| Race | 0.002 | ||||||||||||
| White | 647 | 45.82 | 124 | 43.66 | 151 | 47.34 | 127 | 47.39 | 125 | 46.13 | 120 | 44.44 | |
| Hispanic/Latino | 31 | 2.2 | 8 | 2.82 | 11 | 3.45 | 3 | 1.12 | 4 | 1.48 | 5 | 1.85 | |
| African-American | 28 | 1.98 | 9 | 3.17 | 5 | 1.57 | 2 | 0.75 | 8 | 2.95 | 4 | 1.48 | |
| Asian | 31 | 2.2 | 6 | 2.11 | 5 | 1.57 | 7 | 2.61 | 6 | 2.21 | 7 | 2.59 | |
| Unknown | 593 | 42 | 103 | 36.27 | 133 | 41.69 | 113 | 42.16 | 117 | 43.17 | 127 | 47.04 | |
| Medical history* | |||||||||||||
| Hypertension | 681 | 53.54 | 79 | 30.27 | 117 | 41.2 | 143 | 57.66 | 154 | 64.17 | 188 | 78.66 | <0.001 |
| Diabetes | 489 | 34.88 | 56 | 19.79 | 101 | 31.86 | 103 | 38.58 | 117 | 43.82 | 112 | 41.79 | <0.001 |
| A-fibrillation | 296 | 29.16 | 36 | 15.65 | 62 | 27.31 | 74 | 36.27 | 68 | 36.36 | 56 | 33.53 | <0.001 |
| CKD | 323 | 27.17 | 41 | 16.73 | 61 | 23.74 | 65 | 28.14 | 81 | 36 | 75 | 32.47 | <0.001 |
| PVD | 60 | 5.82 | 1 | 0.47 | 5 | 2.21 | 14 | 7.07 | 15 | 7.69 | 25 | 12.5 | <0.001 |
| COPD | 101 | 7.97 | 8 | 3.1 | 17 | 6.03 | 23 | 9.31 | 32 | 13.28 | 21 | 8.79 | <0.001 |
| CVA/TIA | 159 | 12.92 | 22 | 8.73 | 22 | 8.06 | 33 | 13.58 | 39 | 16.96 | 43 | 18.45 | <0.001 |
| Valvular Ds. | 214 | 22.55 | 39 | 18.93 | 45 | 21.33 | 41 | 21.58 | 44 | 24.72 | 45 | 27.44 | 0.34 |
| Prior PCI | 293 | 29.9 | 35 | 16.75 | 65 | 28.51 | 66 | 34.92 | 70 | 38.04 | 57 | 33.53 | <0.001 |
| Prior CABG | 114 | 10.12 | 10 | 4.59 | 12 | 4.76 | 27 | 12.86 | 37 | 17.13 | 28 | 12.12 | <0.001 |
| VT | 216 | 21.2 | 44 | 19.05 | 54 | 23.68 | 57 | 27.94 | 45 | 23.81 | 16 | 9.58 | <0.001 |
| ICD | 329 | 32.8 | 79 | 34.65 | 90 | 40.36 | 75 | 37.31 | 65 | 34.95 | 20 | 12.12 | <0.001 |
| Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | ||
| AST | 459.41 | 1492.57 | 475.5 | 1504.46 | 518.83 | 1498.7 | 461.42 | 1793.04 | 581.01 | 1729.93 | 230.18 | 532.79 | 0.33 |
| BUN | 32.38 | 20.47 | 25.71 | 15.35 | 33.3 | 21.44 | 31.54 | 18.64 | 37.28 | 23.94 | 34.71 | 20.5 | <0.001 |
| Lactate | 4.37 | 4.21 | 4.64 | 4.17 | 4.48 | 4.73 | 4.2 | 3.93 | 4.11 | 3.86 | 4.41 | 4.28 | 0.85 |
| HCO3 | 22.12 | 5.45 | 22.92 | 5.53 | 22.06 | 5.77 | 22.1 | 5.63 | 22.06 | 5.1 | 21.45 | 5.08 | 0.18 |
| Serum creatinine | 1.76 | 1.14 | 1.61 | 1.26 | 1.69 | 0.96 | 1.76 | 1.11 | 1.97 | 1.25 | 1.8 | 1.09 | <0.001 |
| pH | 7.31 | 0.15 | 7.3 | 0.17 | 7.29 | 0.14 | 7.3 | 0.15 | 7.32 | 0.15 | 7.33 | 0.13 | 0.28 |
| Admission EF (%) | 24.94 | 15.53 | 22.73 | 16.48 | 21.5 | 13.57 | 21.54 | 12.93 | 25.19 | 14.83 | 32.6 | 16.79 | <0.001 |
| RAP | 14.19 | 6.93 | 13.49 | 6.54 | 14.63 | 7.32 | 14.24 | 7.32 | 14.27 | 7.27 | 14.35 | 5.95 | 0.49 |
| PCWP | 24.5 | 8.9 | 23.7 | 9.03 | 24.31 | 8.55 | 25.13 | 9.36 | 24.67 | 9.13 | 24.87 | 8.41 | 0.61 |
| Mean PAP | 32.73 | 9.86 | 32.66 | 10.21 | 32.48 | 9.7 | 32.85 | 10.21 | 33.21 | 10.01 | 32.51 | 9.12 | 0.94 |
| CPO | 0.63 | 0.41 | 0.69 | 0.57 | 0.65 | 0.36 | 0.62 | 0.44 | 0.63 | 0.36 | 0.55 | 0.21 | 0.02 |
| Heart rate | 92.02 | 22.72 | 99.11 | 25.54 | 93.05 | 20.64 | 91.79 | 21.7 | 89.74 | 21.67 | 85.42 | 21.7 | <0.001 |
| Cardiac index | 1.85 | 0.59 | 1.89 | 0.66 | 1.82 | 0.53 | 1.84 | 0.56 | 1.86 | 0.6 | 1.84 | 0.61 | 0.72 |
| MAP | 74.56 | 14.75 | 74.7 | 15.33 | 75.43 | 14.94 | 73.71 | 13.31 | 73.95 | 14.99 | 74.82 | 15.06 | 0.66 |
| SBP | 98.17 | 20.02 | 95.39 | 18.27 | 96.22 | 18.39 | 97.99 | 18.92 | 98.91 | 21.89 | 102.99 | 21.93 | <0.001 |
| GFR | 48.86 | 21.38 | 57.07 | 21.69 | 50.26 | 20.7 | 47.64 | 20.18 | 42.13 | 21.45 | 44.95 | 19.57 | <0.001 |
Percentages and chi square tests of independence do not include missing values.
CKD, chronic kidney disease; PVD, peripheral vascular disease; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; CVA, cardiovascular accident; TIA, transient ischemic attack; PCI, percutaneous intervention; CABG, coronary artery bypass graft; VT, ventricular tachycardia; ICD, implantable cardioversion-defibrillator; SD, standard deviation; AST, aspartate transaminase; BUN, blood urea nitrogen; EF, ejection fraction; RAP, right atrial pressure; PCWP, pulmonary capillary wedge pressure; PAP, pulmonary artery pressure; CPO, cardiac power output; MAP, mean arterial pressure; SBP, systolic blood pressure; GFR, glomerular infiltration rate; SCAI, Society of Cardiovascular Angiography and Intervention; IABP, intra-aortic balloon pump; VA-ECMO, veno-arterial extra-corporeal membrane oxygenator.