Table 2.
Study characteristics of eligible studies.
| Reference | Participant characteristics | Intervention Protocol | Measurement | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Author | Country | Subjects; diagnostic criteria | N | M/W | Mean age (years) | Intervention dose | Follow-up (months) | Primary outcome |
| Vincelli et al. (32) | Italy | Panic disorder; DSM-IV | VRCBT: 4 CBT: 4 WLG: 4 |
0/12 | 43.8 | VRCBT: 8 sessions of VRCBT therapy CBT: 12 sessions of CBT therapy |
Not clear | Anxiety: STAI-S, STAI-T Depression: BDI-2 |
| Anderson et al. (33) | America | Public speaking anxiety; DSM-IV | VRCBT: 8 | 2/88 | Not clear | 4 sessions of anxiety management training; 4 sessions of exposure therapy | 3 | Depression: BDI-2 |
| Wallach et al. (10) | Israel | Public speaking anxiety; structured interview | VRCBT: 45 CBT: 34 WLG: 33 |
5/23 6/24 9/21 |
28.2 28.6 25.3 |
60 h for 12 weeks | 12 | Anxiety: LSAS-F, LSAS-A |
| Robillard et al. (31) | Canada | Social anxiety disorder; DSM-IV | VRCBT: 16 CBT: 14 WLG: 15 |
13/32 | 34.9 | 16 sessions of therapy | Not clear | Anxiety: LSAS Depression: BDI-2 |
| Baños et al. (29) | Spain | Posttraumatic stress disorder; pathological grief; adiustment disorders; DSM-IV |
VRCBT: 25 CBT: 25 | 12/27 | 30.9 | Not clear | 3 | Depression: BDI |
| Malbos et al. (34) | Australia | Agoraphobia; DSM-IV | VRCBT: 5 VR: 5 |
Not clear | Not clear | 15 h for 8 weeks | Not clear | Anxiety: DASS |
| Freedman et al. (17) | Israel | Posttraumatic stress disorder; DSM-IV | VRCBT: 50 WLG: 50 | Not clear | Not clear | 16 sessions of therapy | 12 | Depression: BDI-2 |
| Moldovan et al. (35) | Not clear | Social phobia; acrophobia; flight phobia; DSM-IV | VRCBT: 16 WLG:16 | 17/15 | Not clear | 4 to 5 h for 1 week | Not clear | Anxiety: LSAS |
| Bouchard et al. (9) | Canada | Social anxiety disorder; DSM-IV | VRCBT: 22 CBT: 17 WLG: 20 |
7/15 0/17 9/11 |
36.2 36.7 30.6 |
60 h for 14 weeks | 6 | Anxiety: LSAS-SR, SIAS Depression: BDI-2 |
| Donker et al. (30) | Netherlands | Acrophobia; AQ | VRCBT: 96 WLG: 97 | 64/129 | 41.3 | Not clear | 3 | Depression: BAI |
| Geraets et al. (36) | Netherlands | Generalized social anxiety disorder; SIAS >25 | VRCBT: 15 | 7/8 | 34.9 | 16-h therapy | 6 | Anxiety: SIAS Depression: BDI-2 |
M/W, men/women; VR+CBT, Virtual reality-assisted cognitive behavioral therapy; CBT, Cognitive behavioral therapy; WLG: Wait-list Group; BDI-2: Beck Depression Inventory 2; STAI-S: State-Trait Anxiety Inventory for Adults-State anxiety scores; STAI-T: State-Trait Anxiety Inventory for Adults-Trait anxiety scores; LSAS-F: Liebowitz Social Anxiety scale-Fear; LSAS-A: Liebowitz Social Anxiety scale-Avoidance; LSAS: Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale; DASS: Depression Anxiety Stress; LSAS-SR: Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale-Self Reported version; SIAS: Social Interaction Anxiety Scale; BAI: Beck Anxiety Inventory; SIAS: Social Interaction Anxiety Scale.