Table 1.

A tabulation of the outcomes of literature review of patients co-infected with COVID-19 and mucormycosis to date.

Author	Age and Sex	Patient Characteristics	Radiological findings	Laboratory parameters	Treatment	Prognosis
Pasero et al.4	66 y/o Male	Multiple organ dysfunction, (SOFA)a	CT scan: Opacification of the left maxillary sinus and sclerosis. The Thoracic scans: cavitary lesions in the upper lobe of left lung.	Second BAS tes: cotton-candy colonies on (SDA)b	Liposomal Amphotericin B, 5 mg kg−1 IV.	Died
Johnson et al.11	79 y/o Male	Co-morbs: DM, HTN. Developed hypoxic respiratory failure.	CT chest: extensive bilateral pneumonia and new development of bilateral upper lobe cavitations	KOH preparation, culture, and isolation from the BAL culture tested positive for Mucormycosis infection.	Changed to IV L-AmB 400 mg daily for suspected mucormycosis infection.	Patient remained on ventilator support, tolerated IV L-AmB treatment, and was discharged to a long-term acute care facility
Krishna et al.12	22 y/o Male	Co-morbs: Hypothyroidism. Recurrent episodes of vasoplegic shock and multi-organ dysfunction.	CTPAc: segmental pulmonary embolism in the left lower lobe & peripheral consolidation in lower lobes and right upper	Autopsy findings: hematogenous dissemination, necrotic vasculitis, and cerebral invasion	Discovery of mucormycosis was post-mortem hence no treatment was opted.	Died due to cardiac tamponade
Veisi et al.13	40 y/o Female	Bilateral visual loss and complete ophthalmoplegia of the right eye	Orbital CT and MRI scans confirmed Mucormycosis presence.	Histopathological examination of paranasal sinuses showed granulomatous inflammation; positive Mucormycosis	Systemic amphotericin B and daily endoscopic sinus debridement and irrigation with diluted amphotericin B	She died because of dissemination into CNS
Veisi et al.13	54 y/o Male	Co-morbs: DM. Vision loss, proptosis, orbital inflammation, and complete ophthalmoplegia on the left side	CT scan revealed unilateral opacifications of the left orbit and paranasal sinuses	Necrotizing granulomatous inflammation with hyphae.	Systemic amphotericin B and daily endoscopic sinus debridement and irrigation with diluted amphotericin B	2 months later: discharged with oral posaconazole (800 mg/day)
Maini et al.14	38 y/o Male	Chemosis and pain in the left eye	Mucormycosis infection confirmed after MRI (polypoidal mucosal thickening involving left maxillary and ethmoid sinuses, anterior displacement of right eye) & FESSd	Histopathological findings: aseptate broad based hyphae grown on SDA and stained with lactofuchsin	IV Fluconazole & Amphotericin B, followed by surgical debridement	Recovered with minimal residual deformity
Baskar et al.15	28 y/o Male	Sudden vision loss and swelling of the right eyes.	CE CTe scan of nose and paranasal sinus with orbit: right intraconal and retrobulbar soft tissue density along with mucosal thickening in the right ethmoid sinus	Tissue biopsy: branched aseptate hyphae confirming mucormycosis.	Liposomal amphotericin-B for rhino-orbital mucormycosis. Right-side orbital exenteration and ethmoid sinus debridement	Disease free at 2 month follow up.
Arana et al.16	62 y/o Male	Co-morbs: DM. fever, headache, and left malar region swelling	Facial CT: left maxillary sinusitis	Swab culture showed Rhizopus oryzae	Amphotericin B and an azole (initially isavuconazole and subsequently posaconazole. 6 surgical debridement procedures. Total left maxillectomy	Recovery after 5 months.
Arana et al.16	48 y/o Male	Co-morbs: Hxf of CKDg. pain and an increase of lower right limb diameter	Unavailable	Culture from necrotic tissue showed Lichtheimia ramosa (musculoskeletal mucormycosis)	Liposomal amphotericin B 5 mg/kg q24h together with isavuconazole (3 months) 200 mg/8 h for 24 days	Recovered after 3 months
Sai Krishna et al.17	34 y/o Male	Co-morbs: HTNh & DM. Continuous pain and swelling over the right side of the midface since 2 months.	CBCTj: aggressive osteolytic lesions in the right maxilla	Biopsy, curettage and saucerization: Fungal osteomyelitis.	IV liposomal Amphotericin B 5 mg/kg/day. Surgical resection via Weber Ferguson approach. Later antifungal drug was changed to oral Itraconazole 200 mg.	2 months; no signs of disease.
Sai Krishna et al.17	50 y/o Male	Co-morbs: uncontrolled DM. Swelling over the right side of the midface since 2 months	3D CT: mucormycosis of right maxilla and zygoma	Thick-walled aseptate fungal hyphae with right-angled branching in P.A.S. staini: mucormycosis of the right maxilla	IV liposomal Amphotericin B 250 mg	Recovered 2 months later.
Bellanger et al.18	55 y/o Male	Feverish, with worsened respiratory function.	Chest CT: non-specific bilateral ground glass opacities suggesting COVID 19 infection.	Tracheal aspirate and BALFk positive in culture for both Aspergillus fumigatus and Rhizopus microsporus.	Liposomal amphotericin B began at day 23 (5 mg/kg)	Died at day 40.

Abbreviations.

^aSyndrome with sequential organ failure assessment (SOFA).

^bSabouraud dextrose agar (SDA).

^cCTPA: CT pulmonary angiography.

^dFunctional Endoscopic Sinus Surgery (FESS).

^eContrast enhanced CT: CE CT.

^fHx: History.

^gCKD: Chronic kidney disease.

^hHTN: Hypertension.

ⁱPAS stain: Periodic acid–Schiff–diastase stain.

^jCone-beam computed tomography systems (CBCT).

^kBroncho-alveolar lavage fluid.