Table 2.
Inequality of RMNCH service coverage in Vietnam in year 2014
| Indicators | Socioeconomic Inequality | Regional Inequality | Urban-Rural Inequality | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| RII (95% CI) | SII (95% CI) | CnI (95% CI) | RII (95% CI) | SII (95% CI) | CnI (95% CI) | RII (95% CI) | SII (95% CI) | CnI (95% CI) | |
| Prevention Indicators | |||||||||
| At least one ANC visit | 1•14 (1•11 to 1•18)*** | 13•26 (10•35 to 16•17)*** | 0•04 (0•03 to 0•05)*** | 1•13 (1•10 to 1•16)*** | 12•01 (9•52 to 14•50)*** | 0•04 (0•03 to 0•04)*** | 1•15 (1•10 to 1•20)*** | 13•47 (9•52 to 17•42)*** | 0•02 (0•01 to 0•02)*** |
| At least four ANC visit | 2•52 (2•28 to 2•79)*** | 71•41 (65•52 to 77•31)*** | 0•19 (0•17 to 0•20)*** | 2•08 (1•87 to 2•31)*** | 54•52 (47•62 to 61•41)*** | 0•14 (0•12 to 0•15)*** | 1•79 (1•58 to 2•03)*** | 41•98 (33•14 to 50•81)*** | 0•07 (0•05 to 0•09)*** |
| Exclusive breastfeeding | 0•27 (0•14 to 0•55)*** | -22•63 (-35•82 to -9•44)*** | -0•20 (-0•30 to -0•09)*** | 5•26 (2•63 to 10•54)*** | 33•97 (21•88 to 46•05)*** | 0•27 (0•16 to 0•37)*** | 0•44 (0•19 to 1•03) | -15•96 (-31•41 to -0•50)* | -0•09 (-0•18 to 0•00) |
| Early initiation of breastfeeding | 0•70 (0•56 to 0•86)*** | -15•61 (-24•42 to -6•80)*** | -0•06 (-0•09 to -0•03)*** | 1•47 (1•19 to 1•81)*** | 16•28 (7•56 to 24•99)*** | 0•06 (0•03 to 0•10)*** | 0•62 (0•48 to 0•81)*** | -19•17 (-29•38 to -8•96)*** | -0•05 (-0•08 to -0•02)*** |
| Family planning needs satisfied | 0•94 (0•88 to 1•02) | -3•45 (-8•02 to 1•13) | -0•01 (-0•02 to 0•00) | 1•15 (1•07 to 1•24)*** | 8•87 (4•35 to 13•39)*** | 0•02 (0•01 to 0•03)*** | 0•89 (0•82 to 0•97)* | -6•99 (-12•28 to -1•70)* | -0•01 (-0•02 to -0•00)** |
| BCG immunization | 1•12 (1•08 to 1•17)*** | 11•36 (7•76 to 14•96)*** | 0•03 (0•02 to 0•04)*** | 1•10 (1•07 to 1•14)*** | 9•69 (6•59 to 12•79)*** | 0•02 (0•01 to 0•03)*** | 1•13 (1•07 to 1•19)*** | 11•47 (6•47 to 16•47)*** | 0•01 (0•01 to 0•02)*** |
| DPT3 immunization | 1•49 (1•30 to 1•70)*** | 31•82 (21•90 to 41•74)*** | 0•07 (0•05 to 0•10)*** | 1•52 (1•33 to 1•73)*** | 32•75 (23•06 to 42•43)*** | 0•07 (0•05 to 0•10)*** | 1•17 (1•00 to 1•37) | 11•92 (-0•07 to 23•91) | 0•02 (-0•00 to 0•04) |
| Polio3 immunization | 1•34 (1•21 to 1•48)*** | 25•84 (17•66 to 34•01)*** | 0•06 (0•05 to 0•08)*** | 1•38 (1•25 to 1•51)*** | 27•81 (20•09 to 35•52)*** | 0•06 (0•04 to 0•08)*** | 1•24 (1•11 to 1•39)*** | 18•44 (8•68 to 28•21)*** | 0•03 (0•01 to 0•04)*** |
| Measles immunization | 1•28 (1•15 to 1•43)*** | 21•46 (12•36 to 30•57)*** | 0•05 (0•03 to 0•07)*** | 1•40 (1•26 to 1•55)*** | 28•18 (19•69 to 36•67)*** | 0•06 (0•04 to 0•08)*** | 1•02 (0•89 to 1•17) | 1•83 (-9•15 to 12•81) | 0•00 (-0•01 to 0•02) |
| Full immunization | 1•60 (1•35 to 1•90)*** | 33•94 (22•82 to 45•05)*** | 0•09 (0•06 to 0•11)*** | 1•70 (1•44 to 2•00)*** | 36•76 (25•95 to 47•57)*** | 0•09 (0•06 to 0•12)*** | 1•08 (0•89 to 1•32) | 5•17 (-8•21 to 18•55) | 0•01 (-0•01 to 0•03) |
| Improved Water | 1•25 (1•24 to 1•26)*** | 21•09 (20•41 to 21•76)*** | 0•05 (0•05 to 0•06)*** | 1•21 (1•20 to 1•22)*** | 17•85 (17•14 to 18•56)*** | 0•03 (0•03 to 0•03)*** | 1•23 (1•22 to 1•25)*** | 19•44 (18•47 to 20•40)*** | 0•03 (0•02 to 0•03)*** |
| Adequate sanitation | 1•84 (1•82 to 1•87)*** | 53•97 (53•03 to 54•92)*** | 0•16 (0•15 to 0•16)*** | 1•67 (1•65 to 1•70)*** | 44•13 (43•13 to 45•13)*** | 0•10 (0•10 to 0•11)*** | 1•62 (1•59 to 1•65)*** | 39•47 (38•05 to 40•89)*** | 0•06 (0•06 to 0•06)*** |
| Treatment Indicators | |||||||||
| Institutional delivery | 1•27 (1•22 to 1•33)*** | 23•00 (19•44 to 26•57)*** | 0•07 (0•06 to 0•08)*** | 1•24 (1•19 to 1•29)*** | 20•63 (17•19 to 24•08)*** | 0•06 (0•05 to 0•07)*** | 1•28 (1•21 to 1•35)*** | 22•77 (17•88 to 27•65)*** | 0•03 (0•02 to 0•04)*** |
| Skilled birth attendance | 1•23 (1•19 to 1•28)*** | 20•09 (16•73 to 23•46)*** | 0•06 (0•05 to 0•07)*** | 1•21 (1•16 to 1•25)*** | 17•91 (14•67 to 21•16)*** | 0•05 (0•05 to 0•06)*** | 1•24 (1•18 to 1•30)*** | 19•88 (15•27 to 24•50)*** | 0•03 (0•02 to 0•03)*** |
| Care seeking for pneumonia | 1•25 (1•00 to 1•56) | 19•58 (0•42 to 38•73)* | 0•04 (-0•00 to 0•08) | 1•40 (1•20 to 1•65)*** | 31•06 (18•06 to 44•06)*** | 0•08 (0•04 to 0•12)*** | 1•14 (0•87 to 1•49) | 11•54 (-11•90 to 34•98) | 0•01 (-0•02 to 0•05) |
| ARI treatment | 1•35 (1•05 to 1•75)* | 25•90 (4•71 to 47•09)* | 0•06 (0•01 to 0•10)* | 1•56 (1•30 to 1•89)*** | 38•98 (24•44 to 53•52)*** | 0•08 (0•04 to 0•12)*** | 1•43 (1•08 to 1•90)* | 30•42 (6•83 to 54•01)* | 0•04 (0•00 to 0•08)* |
| Oral rehydration therapy | 2•75 (1•50 to 5•04)*** | 29•63 (10•98 to 48•29)** | 0•15 (0•06 to 0•24)*** | 2•64 (1•44 to 4•85)** | 31•11 (14•07 to 48•14)*** | 0•16 (0•06 to 0•26)*** | 2•46 (1•25 to 4•83)** | 29•32 (5•89 to 52•74)* | 0•10 (0•02 to 0•18)* |
Notes: ***, **, * Statistically significant results with P<0•001, P<0•01, and P<0•05, respectively; RII=Relative Index of Inequality; SII=Slope Index of Inequality; CnI=Concentrate Index of Inequality; CI=Confidence Interval; The inequality analyses of UHC indicators at national and subnational levels during 2000–2014 are presented in the Supplementary.
The RII presents the ratio of health coverage between the top and bottom comparison groups (socioeconomic status, regional levels, and urban-rural areas). RII>1 indicates pro-rich inequality (higher coverage in the richest than in the poorest sub-groups); RII<1 indicates pro-poor inequality (higher coverage in the poorest than in the richest sub-groups); RII=1 suggests no inequality in the health indicator.
The SII indicates the difference in percentage points of health coverage between the top and bottom of comparing groups (socioeconomic status, regional levels, and urban-rural areas). SII>0 indicates pro-rich inequality (higher coverage in the richest than in the poorest sub-groups); SII<0 indicates pro-poor inequality (higher coverage in the poorest than in the richest sub-groups); SII=0 suggests unavailability of inequality in the health indicator.
The CnI determines the magnitude or extent of health inequality. CnI ranges from -1 to 1 with a positive value indicating a higher concentration of health coverage among the richer group and vice versa for a negative value. The closer value to 1 or -1, the higher degree of concentration. A zero value (0) of the CnI shows the unavailability of inequality in the health indicator.