Table 1.

Thermo-physical properties of nanoparticles and base fluid.

Properties	Base fluid (water)	Nanoparticles (Cu)
μ (Pa s)	8.55 × 10−4	–
cp (J/kgK)	4.179 × 103	3.85 × 102
ρ (kg/m3)	9.971 × 102	8.933 × 103
k (W/mK)	0.613	401
β (k−1)	2.761 × 10−4	1.67 × 10−5
α (m2 s−1)	1.47 × 107	1.17 × 10−4