Table 1.
Study | Design | Sample Size | Single centre vs multi-centre | Inclusion criteria | Exclusion criteria | Objective | Primary endpoint | Secondary endpoint | Follow-up Duration (months) | Echocardiography Machines |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Khidir et al. (2018) [13] | Retrospective Cohort Study | N = 829 | Single centre registry recruitment | Heart failure patients managed with CRT | Pacemaker upgrade to CRT, history of LV reconstruction, heart transplantation, atrial fibrillation, congenital heart disease, inflammatory or infiltrative heart disease. | Evaluate the prognostic value of LV GLS in HF patients managed with CRT | Combination of all-cause mortality, heart transplantation and LVAD implantation | Occurrence of ventricular arrhythmia or appropriate ICD therapy. | Median: 66 (IQR 36–88.8) | GE Vivid 5/7, E9 |
Bax et al. (2017) [15] | Randomised control trial | N = 755 (in total study) N = 374 (CRT-ON) |
International multi-centre recruitment | >18 year old with heart failure symptoms NYHA III-IV, on OMT, LVEF ≤ 35%, QRS < 130 ms, LVEDD ≥ 55 mm, echo evidence of LV dyssynchrony and indication for ICD. | Acute decompensated heart failure (hemodynamically unstable or need for inotropic support), atrial fibrillation within the previous month or bradycardia requiring pacing | Investigate the prognostic value of LVGLS in patients with a narrow QRS complex recruited into the Echo-CRT trial | All-cause mortality and heart failure hospitalisation. | Ventricular arrhythmias defined as appropriate ICD therapy, arrhythmic death and atrial tachyarrhythmias | Mean: 19.4 | GE Vivid 7, E9 |
Hasselberg et al. (2016) [14] | Prospective cohort study | N = 170 | Multi-centre site recruitment | Heart failure patients with NYHA II-IV heart failure, OMT, QRS width ≥ 120 ms and LVEF ≤ 35% | Patients with < 90% biventricular pacing | Investigate echocardiographic predictors of ventricular arrhythmias and fatal outcome in heart failure patients with BiV pacing. | Composite of all cause death, heart transplantation, and LVAD implantation. | Arrhythmic end point – first sustained ventricular arrhythmic event following CRT placement – VF, anti-tach pacing, Defib therapy, SCA | Mean: 24 (±1 month) | GE Vivid 7, E9 |
Delgado-Montero et al. (2016) [16] | Prospective cohort study | N = 205 | Single centre recruitment | Heart failure patients with NYHA II-IV heart failure, OMT, QRS width ≥ 120 ms and LVEF ≤ 35% | Chronic RV pacing or failed CRT implant. Atrial fibrillation | Determine prognostic value of baseline GLS/GCS to long-term clinical outcomes after CRT; prognostic value of GLS/GCS in ICM and NICM; determine additive prognostic value of GLS/GCS in intermediate ECG criteria for CRT | Composite endpoint of death, LVAD implant, heart transplantation. | First heart failure hospitalisation or death during follow-up | Median: 47 | GE Vivid 7 |
Van Der Bijl et al. (2019) [21] | Retrospective cohort study | N = 1185 | Single centre registry recruitment | Heart failure patients who received CRT implantations based on ESC guideline recommendations. | If no 6 month follow-up echocardiogram after CRT implantation. | Investigate LVESV and LV GLS changes and prognostic implications of improvement in LVESV and LVGLS compared to no improvement in either. | All-cause mortality. | NR | Median: 53 (25–80) | GE Vivid 7 or E9 |
Knappe et al. (2011) [18] | Randomised controlled trial | N = 661 of 1077 | International multi-centre recruitment | MADIT-CRT enrolled patients with IHD & NYHA class I-II or non-IHD patients with NYHA Class II: QRS ≥ 130 ms and LVEF ≤ 30%; Divided into ICD only vs CRT-D. | MI within last 90 days, implanted PPM, Implanted ICD/CRT device, NYHA class III or IV in past 90 days, reversible non-ischemic cardiomyopathy, chronic AF, any concurrent disease that would reduce survival duration, pregnancy, 2nd or 3rd degree AV block, significant coronary artery disease requiring revascularisation or revascularisation in last 90 days. Insufficient image quality or obtained imaging windows, frame rate < 30 Hz. | Identify those would benefit from to CRT through strain-based assessments of LV dyssynchrony and contractile function | All-cause death or non-fatal heart failure events | NR | Mean: 28.8 | NR (110 hospital sites) |
Menet et al. (2016) [19] | Prospective cohort study | N = 170 | Single centre recruitment | Heart failure patients: LVEF ≤ 35%, NYHA II-IV despite OMT, QRS duration > 120 ms in LBBB or > 150 ms if no-LBBB. |
Myocardial infarction, acute coronary syndrome, or coronary revascularization during the previous 3 months; primary mitral or aortic valvular disease; uncontrolled rapid atrial fibrillation; poor echocardiographic windows | Evaluate value of changes in LV reverse remodelling (LVESV) vs LV performance improvement (LVEF or LVGLS) in predicting long-term outcome in patients undergoing CRT implantation | All-cause mortality and/or congestive heart failure hospitalisation. | NR | Median: 32 | GE Vivid E9 |
Kalogeropoulos et al. (2011) [17] | Retrospective cohort study | N = 57 | Single centre recruitment | Heart failure patients meeting ESC guidelines for CRT-D implantation in 2004 | Patients participating in RCTs or had congenital heart disease. | Assess long term LV response to CRT with strain-based echocardiography | Death, LVAD or urgent heart transplant | All cause and heart failure readmissions | Median: 42 (27–48) | NR |
Park et al. (2013) [20] | Retrospective cohort study | N = 330 | Single centre recruitment | Heart failure patients: LVEF ≤ 35%, ≥NYHA II despite OMT, QRS duration ≥ 120 ms. |
Patients excluded if no longitudinal follow-up echo, Insufficient echo image quality, patients outside review period having previously implanted CRT replaced or battery changed. | Develop a multiparametric echocardiographic score for predicting CRT response | Composite of death from any cause, heart transplantation, LVAD or heart failure hospitalisation. | LV reverse remodelling defined as a ≥ 15% reduction in LVESV | Mean: 57 (22) | NR |