Official websites use .gov
A
.gov website belongs to an official
government organization in the United States.
Secure .gov websites use HTTPS
A lock (
) or https:// means you've safely
connected to the .gov website. Share sensitive
information only on official, secure websites.
Commensal microbiota inhibit colonization of exogenous pathogens and pathobionts through upregulation of host-immunity mediated resistance such as activating plasma B cells, macrophages, T-helper cells, and innate lymphoid cells. Commensal microbiota also competitively inhibit pathogens and pathobionts by uptake of nutrients, suppressing virulence factors, and consuming O2 needed for pathogen and pathobiont survival.
