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. 2021 Jan 2;11(7):1813–1834. doi: 10.1016/j.apsb.2020.12.017

Figure 6.

Figure 6

Transcription factors identified involved in ginsenoside biosynthesis. HMGR, FPPS, SS, SE, β-AS and DDS are regulated by at least one TF from Panax species, TFs regulating other steps of ginsenoside biosynthesis is unresolved. The color of the hollow arrow corresponds to the color of the transcription factors, which regulate the enzyme encoding gene. The abbreviations are indicated as follows, β-AS: β-amyrin synthase, CD-ME: 4-diphosphocytidyl-2-C-methylerythritol, CD-MEP: 4-diphosphocytidyl-2-C-methyl-d-erythritol 2-phosphate, DS/DDS: dammarenediol-II synthase, DMAPP: dimethylallyl diphosphate, DXP: 1-deoxyxylulose 5-phosphate, FPP: farnesyl diphosphate, FPS/FPPS: farnesyl diphosphate synthase, GAP: glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate, HMBPP: 1-hydroxy-2-methyl-2-(E)-butenyl 4-diphosphate, HMG-CoA (S)-3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A, HMGR: HMG-CoA reductase, IP: isopentenyl phosphate, IPP: isopentenyl diphosphate, MDP: mevalonate-5-diphosphate, MEcPP: 2-C-methyl-d-erythritol-2,4-cyclodiphosphate, MEP: methylerythritol phosphate, MP: mevalonate-5-phosphate, MVA (3R)-3,5-dihydroxy-3-methylpentanoic acid, SS/SQS: squalene synthase, SE/SQE: squalene epoxidases.