Table 3.

Recent achievements in ginsenoside biosynthesis in yeast cell factories.

No.	Compd.	Titer (g/L)	Strategy	Ref.
1	CK	1.4 × 10−3	Coexpression or overexpression of DDS, CYP716A47, ATR2-1, UGTPg1, tHMGR and UPC2.1	138
2	CK	1.17	Overexpression of FPPS, SS, SE and MVA pathway genes, codon optimization of Pn3-29, integration three copies of PgDDS, six copies of PgPPDS, two copies of VvCPR, insertion of Pn3-29 and UDP-glucose synthetic pathway genes into the chromosomal LPP1 site, inactivation of LPP1 genes, cloning Pn3-29 into the high-copy 2 micron plasmid	146
3	DM	1.55	Codon optimization of PPDS, coexpression or overexpression of tHMGR, FPPS, SS, SE, DDS, PPDS and AtCPR1	220
	PPD	1.19
4	DM	7.10–8.09	Modular engineering of MVA pathway, optimization of CYPs expression level, integrating multicopy of UGT, and engineering UGT promoter	224
	PPD	9.05–11.02
	Rh2	2.25
5	3β-O-Glc-DM	2.4	Chassis cell optimization, integrating multicopy of DDS and UGT, block competitive pathway, and overexpression rate-limiting enzymes and transcriptional activator	225
	20S-O-Glc-DM	5.6
6	3β,12β-Di-O-Glc-PPD	9.05 × 10−3	Coexpression of DDS, PPDS, ATR1, UGT109A1 and overexpression of tHMGR	226
7	PPD	17.2 × 10−3	Coexpression of truncated HMGR (tHMGR), DDS and β-AS, OAS, PPDS, PPTS and AtCPR	219
	PPT	15.9 × 10−3
	OA	21.4 × 10−3
8	PPD	1.44	Construction of PPDS–ATR1 fusion protein, and overexpression of tHMGR, FPPS, SS and SE	221
9	PPD	4.25	Overexpression of tHMGR, FPPS, SS, SE, SSD1 and YBP1, and construction of PPDS–ATR1 fusion protein	222
10	Rg3	1.3 × 10−3	Coexpression of DDS, PPDS, ATR2, UGT74AE2 and UGT 94Q2 and replace ERG7 promoter with methionine-repressible MET3	141
11	Rh2	17.0 × 10−3 (1.5 μmol/g)	Coexpression of tHMGR, FPPS, SS, SE, DDS, PPDS, ATR2.1, UGTPg45 and UGTPg29	142
	Rg3	49.8 × 10−3 (3.5 μmol/g)
12	Rh2	0.3	Directed evolution of UGT51, block Rh2 hydrolysis, and increasing UDP-Glc supply	223