Table 4.
The strategies, including achievements and limitations in targeted delivery of nanomedicines which could deliver oxygen, regulate ion imbalance and excitotoxicity.
| Phase of cascade | Target | Nanomedicine and intervention strategy | Achievement | Limitation | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Oxygen deficiency | Passively | Hb-loaded liposomes which carry oxygen | Delivered sufficient O2 to the penumbra where Hb-containing RBCs rarely reach | Too much O2 after reperfusion might cause the significant increase of ROS | 108, 109, 110, 111 |
| Ion imbalance | |||||
| SUR1-TRPM4 complex | SDF-1 | PLGA-NPs coated with NSCs membrane that highly expressed CXCR4 | Reduced the infract volume | Long term administration might increase the risk of hypoglycemia | 75 |
| Inhibitor: glyburide | CXCR4 | Thrombin responsive size-shrinkable NPs modified with AMD3100 | Enhanced the penetration of NPs in the brain | 76 | |
| CA 1 | Glyburide-loaded betulinic acid NPs | Reduced the oxidative stress | 77 | ||
| Excitotoxicity | |||||
| NMDAR/PSD-95/nNOS complex | TfR and NMDAR | ZL006-loaded liposomes modified with T7 peptide and SHp | Reduced the infarct volume and improved neurological outcomes | 78,79 | |
| NMDAR | NR2B9c-loaded dextran NPs coated with RBCs membrane modified with SHp | Ameliorated neurological deficit | 80 | ||
| Ca2+-dependent calcineurin | Passively | Tacrolimus-loaded liposomes | Suppressed the expansion of brain damage without side effects | NPs mainly presented in the ischemic core rather penumbra | 60,118 |
CA 1, cannabinoid receptor 1.