Table 6.

The strategies, including achievements and limitations in targeted delivery of nanomedicines in reducing apoptosis.

Phase of cascade	Target	Nanomedicine and intervention strategy	Achievement	Limitation	Ref.
Apoptosis	EPO receptor	AEPO conjugated PEGylated liposomes	Achieved strengthened accumulation in neurons, inhibited neuronal apoptosis	It might increase the risk of hematopoietic effect	85,86
	MMP-2 and BBB modulation	Nogo extracellular peptide encapsulated in lexiscan-loaded PLGA-NPs modified with targeting ligand chlorotoxin	Reduced the infarct volume and enhanced the survival of ischemic mice	The safety of lexiscan needs further investigation	58
	Biomimetic targeting	Exosomes derived from ADSCs that overexpress PEDF	Ameliorated neuronal apoptosis		129

PEDF, pigment epithelium-derived factor.