Table 7.
The strategies, including achievements and limitations in targeted delivery of nanomedicines which could regulate inflammation response and promote tissue repair.
| Phase of cascade | Target | Nanomedicine and intervention strategy | Achievement | Limitation | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Inflammation | |||||
| Inhibiting pro-inflammatory mediators | Bypass the BBB | Intranasal delivery of e-PAM-R/anti-HMGB1 siRNA complex | Reduced the level of HMGB1 and suppressed the infarct volume | The safety of nasal administration needs further investigation | 97 |
| Passively | CsA-loaded liposomes | Suppressed inflammation and infarct volume | The targeting efficiency need further improvement | 53 | |
| Passively | Anti-complement C3 siRNA-loaded PEG-PLA NPs | Decreased the infiltration of inflammatory cells and the level of pro-inflammatory mediators | Conjugating with targeting ligands might improve the treatment effect | 55 | |
| Regulating inflammatory cells | PEGylated Ce-NPs | Drove microglial polarization from M1 to M2 | No experimental data in vivo | 139 | |
| Fibrin | Rapamycin-loaded micelles modified with fibrin-binding peptide | Promoted the phenotypic transition of microglia from M1 to M2 | 23 | ||
| Pretreatment | Passively | TNF-α-loaded PEG-b-(PELG-g-PLL) NPs | Attenuated the inflammatory activity | The side effects need further study | 70 |
| Tissue repair | LRP1 | NGF-loaded albumin NPs modified with APOE | Promoted the brain recovery on two weeks post-stroke | The effect of NPs in improving neurological deficits need further evaluation | 87 |
| Biomimetic targeting | miR-124-loaded exosomes modified with rabies virus glycoprotein which could bind the nAChR on BBB | Promoted neural precursor cells in the infarcted area to differentiate into neurons | Neuron-specific targeting ability needs further improvement | 88 | |
| Biomimetic targeting | miR-17-92 contained exosomes derived from MSCs | Promoted neurogenesis, axon growth and functional recovery | 92 | ||
| Biomimetic targeting | Exosomes derived from MSCs | Enhanced neuroprotection and nerve regeneration, improved neurovascular plasticity | 162 | ||
MSCs, mesenchymal stromal cells; nAChR, nicotinic acetylcholine receptor.