Table 3.
Sleep-related data measured with actigraphy (mean ± SD).
| First author (publication year) | n | Sex | Age (year) | Type of sport | Training season | Nights recorded | TST (h) | SOL (min) | SE (%) | WASO (min) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Wall (2003)53 | 3/1 | M/F | – | Swimming | Heavy training phase | 8 | – | – | 81.6 ± 4.4 | – |
| 4 | F | Heavy training phase | 8 | – | – | 94.6 ± 4.8 | – | |||
| Richmond (2004)77 | 10 | M | 23.0 ± 2.0 | ARF | In season | 50 | 8.4 ± 0.1 | – | 88.0 ± 3.8 | 57.0 ± 18.0 |
| Richmond (2007)92 | 19 | M | 24.1 ± 3.3 | ARF | In season | 76 | 8.9 ± 0.1 | – | 93.1 ± 1.0 | – |
| Fietze (2009)93 | 9/15 | M/F | 27.0 ± 5.0 | Dance | NR | 168 | 7.0 ± 0.1 | 18.1 ± 9.5 | 81.1 ± 4.4 | 72.1 ± 27.7 |
| 168 | 6.5 ± 0.1 | 15.4 ± 7.0 | 78.6 ± 4.7 | 74.2 ± 27.0 | ||||||
| Leeder (2012)9 | 11 | M/F | – | Canoeing | Competition phase | 44 | 8.5 ± 0.1 | 19.1 ± 20.2 | 81.8 ± 4.3 | 66.0 ± 17.0 |
| 14 | Diving | 56 | 8.8 ± 0.1 | 21.0 ± 19.0 | 80.9 ± 5.3 | 77.0 ± 19.0 | ||||
| 10 | Rowing | 40 | 7.8 ± 0.1 | 10.2 ± 6.6 | 82.5 ± 8.3 | 68.0 ± 32.0 | ||||
| 11 | Short-track speed skating | 44 | 9.2 ± 0.2 | 21.1 ± 15.1 | 77.2 ± 7.1 | 98.0 ± 46.0 | ||||
| Sargent (2014)40 | 6/1 | M/F | 22.5 ± 1.7 | Swimming | Heavy training phase | 84 | 5.4 ± 1.3 | 40.8 ± 43.2 | 70.7 ± 15.1 | 17.6 ± 8.8 |
| 14 | 7.1 ± 1.2 | 31.8 ± 21.6 | 77.2 ± 7.5 | 16.2 ± 7.7 | ||||||
| Hoshikawa (2013)80 | 7 | F | 19.6 ± 0.8 | Distance running | Heavy training phase | 49 | 8.2 ± 1.1 | 6.1 ± 8.6 | 93.6 ± 5.6 | 24.9 ± 20.4 |
| Lahart (2013)27 | 3 | M | 37.5 ± 4.1 | Cycling | Competition phase | 3 | 7.2 ± 0.3 | 19.0 ± 12.0 | 84.0 ± 2.0 | – |
| Ultra-endurance competition phase | 16 | 2.2 ± 0.3 | 24.0 ± 4.0 | 83.0 ± 6.0 | – | |||||
| Roach (2013)81 | 14 | MM | 15.6 ± 0.5 | Soccer (U17) | Pre-season | 84 | 7.0 ± 0.5 | – | 80.0 ± 3.0 | – |
| 12 | 17.4 ± 1.2 | Soccer (U20) | 72 | 6.4 ± 1.0 | – | 80.0 ± 6.0 | – | |||
| Robey (2013)94 | 12 | 18.5 ± 1.4 | Soccer | In season | 72 | 7.2 ± 0.1 | 20.6 ± 10.9 | 89.4 ± 5.8 | 15.2 ± 10.9 | |
| Fowler (2014)95 | 6 | M | 23.4 ± NR | ARF | In season | 6 | 7.1 ± NR | 10.8 ± NR | 82.3 ± NR | – |
| 6 | 8.6 ± NR | 25.3 ± NR | 83.3 ± NR | – | ||||||
| 6 | 6.1 ± NR | 17.0 ± NR | 83.7 ± NR | – | ||||||
| 6 | 6.7 ± NR | 11.5 ± NR | 83.6 ± NR | – | ||||||
| 6 | 8.2 ± NR | 23.2 ± NR | 84.8 ± NR | – | ||||||
| Hausswirth (2014)44 | 9 | M | 37.0 ± 6.0 | Triathlon | Tapering | 63 | 6.5 ± 0.1 | 9.0 ± 9.0 | 88.3 ± 6.3 | – |
| 63 | 6.7 ± 0.8 | 7.0 ± 7.0 | 89.0 ± 6.5 | – | ||||||
| 63 | 6.8 ± 0.7 | 7.0 ± 7.0 | 88.4 ± 5.5 | – | ||||||
| 9 | M | 35.0 ± 8.0 | Tapering | 63 | 7.4 ± 0.1 | 4.0 ± 4.0 | 91.0 ± 1.9 | – | ||
| Heavy training phase | 63 | 7.2 ± 0.7 | 4.0 ± 4.0 | 90.0 ± 1.9 | – | |||||
| Tapering | 63 | 7.1 ± 0.5 | 6.0 ± 5.0 | 89.3 ± 2.8 | – | |||||
| 9 | M | 35.0 ± 5.0 | Tapering | 63 | 7.2 ± 0.1 | 4.0 ± 1.0 | 90.0 ± 1.3 | – | ||
| Heavy training phase | 63 | 6.6 ± 0.9 | 5.0 ± 2.0 | 88.4 ± 1.7 | – | |||||
| Tapering | 63 | 7.1 ± 0.8 | 4.0 ± 2.0 | 89.4 ± 3.2 | – | |||||
| Lastella (2015)36 | 57/9 | M/F | 21.8 ± 3.4 | Multi-sports (individual) | Competition phase | 754 | 6.5 ± 1.1 | 22.0 ± 26.6 | 85.9 ± 6.1 | – |
| 104/20 | M/F | 22.2 ± 3.0 | Multi-sports (team) | 613 | 7.0 ± 1.2 | 16.3 ± 20.1 | 86.4 ± 4.8 | – | ||
| Lastella (2015)96 | 21 | M | 19.9 ± 1.7 | Cycling | Competition phase | 126 | 7.4 ± 0.6 | 28.0 ± 13.7 | 86.4 ± 0.4 | – |
| 21 | 7.3 ± 0.8 | 17.7 ± 1.7 | 86.9 ± 5.6 | – | ||||||
| 21 | 6.9 ± 0.9 | 36.4 ± 2.7 | 85.3 ± 5.0 | – | ||||||
| 21 | 6.5 ± 0.9 | 36.4 ± 2.9 | 84.9 ± 5.0 | – | ||||||
| 21 | 6.7 ± 0.8 | 38.1 ± 4.6 | 85.8 ± 6.0 | – | ||||||
| 21 | 6.9 ± 0.8 | 29.2 ± 2.3 | 81.7 ± 7.5 | – | ||||||
| Lastella (2014)97 | 16 | M | 18.8 ± 0.9 | Football | Pre-season | 16 | 6.3 ± 1.7 | – | 81.2 ± 6.7 | – |
| 16 | 7.0 ± 1.4 | – | 83.1 ± 7.0 | – | ||||||
| 16 | 6.2 ± 1.4 | – | 83.3 ± 6.7 | – | ||||||
| Fowler (2015)98 | 16 | M | 27.0 ± NR | ARF | Pre-season | 16 | 7.1 ± 0.5 | – | – | – |
| 16 | 4.9 ± 0.6 | – | – | – | ||||||
| Killer (2017)52 | 10 | M | 25.0 ± 6.0 | Cycling | NR | 80 | 6.6 ± 0.2 | – | 80.9 ± NR | – |
| Lastella (2015)28 | 21 | M | 22.2 ± 2.7 | Cycling | Tapering | 124 | 7.4 ± 0.8 | – | 86.6 ± 4.8 | – |
| 142 | 7.2 ± 0.9 | – | 84.4 ± 5.3 | – | ||||||
| 141 | 7.0 ± 0.9 | – | 84.9 ± 5.4 | – | ||||||
| Ultra-endurance competition phase | 144 | 7.1 ± 1.0 | – | 85.1 ± 5.9 | – | |||||
| Tapering | 209 | 7.1 ± 0.9 | – | 85.7 ± 5.4 | – | |||||
| Romyn (2015)99 | 8 | F | 19.6 ± 1.5 | Netball | In season | 56 | 8.2 ± 0.5 | 28.2 ± 26.2 | 85.2 ± 3.5 | 35.4 ± 7.6 |
| Sargent (2014)41 | 46/24 | M/F | 20.3 ± 2.9 | Multi-sports | Heavy training phase | 157 | 6.8 ± 0.1 | – | 85.3 ± 7.6 | – |
| 769 | 6.5 ± 0.1 | – | 85.6 ± 7.1 | – | ||||||
| Sargent (2016)10 | 16 | M | 19.3 ± 1.5 | Cycling | Pre-season | 128 | 7.6 ± 0.6 | 17.0 ± 14.0 | 85.0 ± 5.0 | 80.0 ± 28.8 |
| Schaal (2015)100 | 10 | F | 20.4 ± 0.4 | Synchronized swimmers | Heavy training phase | 70 | 7.2 ± 0.2 | 17.0 ± 2.0 | 84.7 ± 1.3 | – |
| 70 | 6.9 ± 0.2 | 28.0 ± 6.0 | 82.7 ± 1.6 | – | ||||||
| Shearer (2015)101 | 28 | M | 24.4 ± 2.9 | Rugby | In season | 112 | 7.1 ± 1.0 | 34.0 ± 40.0 | 79.0 ± 9.0 | – |
| 112 | 7.6 ± 1.2 | 28.0 ± 25.0 | 78.3 ± 11.3 | – | ||||||
| 112 | 6.0 ± 1.5 | 38.0 ± 34.0 | 74.7 ± 11.1 | – | ||||||
| Suppiah (2015)90 | 6 | M | 14.8 ± 0.9 | Bowling | NA | 30 | 6.0 ± 0.1 | 6.7 ± 10.8 | – | 38.7 ± 18.1 |
| 5 | Badminton | Heavy training phase | 25 | 6.2 ± 0.1 | 3.4 ± 1.2 | – | 36.0 ± 15.1 | |||
| van Maanen (2015)29 | 9/1 | M/F | 42.9 ± 8.0 | Roparum (8 runners and 2 cyclists) | Ultra-endurance competition phase | 20 | 7.7 ± 2.0 | – | – | – |
| Eagles (2014)102 | 10 | M | 24.3 ± 2.6 | Rugby | In season | 120 | 7.7 ± 0.1 | – | 87.0 ± 2.0 | – |
| Fullagar (2016)20 | 14 | M | – | Soccer | Pre-season | 14 | 6.9 ± 1.1 | 12.6 ± 11.6 | 89.2 ± 4.0 | 29.6 ± 17.0 |
| 14 | 6.2 ± 0.7 | 21.1 ± 16.9 | 84.6 ± 9.0 | 38.9 ± 27.5 | ||||||
| 14 | 7.0 ± 1.1 | 9.8 ± 15.3 | 91.2 ± 4.1 | 25.2 ± 14.7 | ||||||
| Louis (2016)103 | 10 | M | 31.0 ± 4.7 | Triathlon | Heavy training phase | 210 | 6.5 ± 0.1 | 10.0 ± 7.0 | 82.5 ± 6.8 | – |
| Pitchford (2017)104 | 19 | M | 22.1 ± 3.5 | ARF | Pre-season | 152 | 7.0 ± 0.1 | – | 84.7 ± 6.5 | 68.9 ± 29.9 |
| 152 | 7.0 ± 0.1 | – | 78.7 ± 6.5 | 96.5 ± 33.7 | ||||||
| Sargent (2016)73 | 22 | M | 22.1 ± 2.7 | ARF | Pre-season | 308 | 8.1 ± 0.8 | 17.9 ± 11.1 | 82.2 ± 3.8 | – |
| 308 | 7.7 ± 0.8 | 10.9 ± 13.3 | 83.5 ± 6.1 | – | ||||||
| Suppiah (2016)50 | 29 | M | 14.7 ± 1.3 | 15 Shooting/14 track and field | NA | 145 | 5.5 ± 0.1 | – | 80.9 ± 8.6 | 74.7 ± 22.6 |
| 58 | 6.8 ± 0.1 | – | 80.9 ± 6.9 | 86.7 ± 40.8 | ||||||
| Thornton (2017)42 | 31 | M | 24.5 ± 3.9 | Rugby | Pre-season | 217 | 7.3 ± 0.1 | 21.0 ± 19.0 | 88.1 ± 4.2 | 42.2 ± 17.5 |
| 403 | 5.9 ± 0.1 | 9.0 ± 7.0 | 79.6 ± 8.3 | 81.6 ± 39.9 | ||||||
| Van Ryswyk (2017)105 | 25 | M | 23.7 ± 2.0 | ARF | Pre-season | 100 | 7.1 ± 0.9 | – | 82.3 ± 6.5 | – |
| Vitale (2017)82 | 12 | Μ | 21.1 ± 2.3 | Soccer (M-Type) | NR | 12 | – | 10.6 ± 11.1 | 88.1 ± 5.7 | – |
| 12 | – | 19.0 ± 17.8 | 78.3 ± 7.4 | – | ||||||
| 12 | – | 11.9 ± 13.3 | 84.1 ± 7.7 | – | ||||||
| 11 | Μ | 22.9 ± 2.9 | Soccer (E-Type) | 11 | – | 5.6 ± 2.4 | 87.2 ± 4.9 | – | ||
| 11 | – | 13.4 ± 15.9 | 85.8 ± 5.5 | – | ||||||
| 11 | – | 16.3 ± 16.2 | 83.3 ± 7.8 | – | ||||||
| Caia (2017)43 | 7 | M | 24.3 ± 2.1 | Rugby | Pre-season | 49 | 6.9 ± 0.4 | 20.1 ± 14.0 | 87.3 ± 3.0 | – |
| In season | 49 | 6.9 ± 0.4 | 17.0 ± 7.5 | 85.9 ± 1.8 | – | |||||
| Caia (2017)39 | 15 | M | 25.5 ± 3.7 | Rugby | In season | 49 | 7.5 ± 0.1 | 16.0 ± 18.0 | 87.8 ± 3.8 | – |
| 15 | 22.4 ± 2.4 | 49 | 6.8 ± 0.1 | 20.0 ± 18.0 | 84.5 ± 5.8 | – | ||||
| 15 | 18.8 ± 0.9 | 49 | 7.3 ± 0.1 | 24.0 ± 27.0 | 85.7 ± 6.6 | – | ||||
| Caia (2018)5 | 63 | M | – | Rugby | Pre-season | 264 | 6.9 ± 0.1 | – | – | – |
| Choi (2018)33 | 6 | M/F | 8.2 ± 0.5 | Badminton | Heavy training phase | 42 | 6.9 ± 0.2 | 13.0 ± 1.0 | 80.0 ± 2.9 | 77.0 ± 9.0 |
| 7 | M/F | 7.9 ± 0.4 | 49 | 6.0 ± 0.1 | 18.0 ± 1.0 | 67.0 ± 2.0 | 142.0 ± 8.0 | |||
| Driller (2017)38 | 8/11 | M/F | 20.0 ± 2.0 | Multi-sports | Pre-season | 133 | 7.6 ± 0.8 | – | 92.3 ± 1.4 | 42.0 ± 29.0 |
| Dunican (2017)6 | 9 | M | 17.2 ± 5.1 | Judo | Pre-season | 18 | 6.7 ± 0.8 | 29.5 ± 27.2 | 84.0 ± 9.3 | 7.5 ± 5.0 |
| 1/8 | M/F | 18.9 ± 2.9 | 18 | 7.3 ± 0.8 | 46.0 ± 44.6 | 85.5 ± 5.6 | 6.5 ± 5.0 | |||
| Juliff (2018)106 | 12 | F | 19.2 ± 0.9 | Netball | In season | 12 | – | 14.5 ± 15.1 | – | – |
| 12 | – | 24.4 ± 27.4 | – | – | ||||||
| Juliff (2018)48 | 42 | F | 19.2 ± 1.0 | Netball | In season | 504 | 7.3 ± 1.0 | 7.6 ± 3.8 | 88.3 ± 3.5 | – |
| 252 | 8.0 ± 0.6 | 12.1 ± 6.2 | 89.3 ± 2.9 | – | ||||||
| 504 | 7.3 ± 0.9 | 5.9 ± 5.5 | 87.3 ± 4.3 | – | ||||||
| 252 | 7.0 ± 0.5 | 9.3 ± 9.0 | 88.0 ± 5.7 | – | ||||||
| Miller (2017)107 | 16 | M | 27.3 ± 3.4 | ARF | NR | 112 | 6.8 ± 1.2 | 18.0 ± 22.0 | 85.5 ± 5.7 | 70.0 ± NR |
| 7 | M | Soccer | 49 | 6.7 ± 2.0 | 10.0 ± 15.0 | 85.5 ± 5.7 | 56.0 ± NR | |||
| 28 | M | Rugby union | 196 | 7.2 ± 1.6 | 9.0 ± 11.0 | 88.5 ± 4.2 | 57.0 ± NR | |||
| O'Donnell (2017)108 | 26 | F | 23.0 ± 6.0 | Netball | Pre-season | 182 | 7.3 ± 0.1 | 28.6 ± 15.6 | 80.6 ± 6.5 | – |
| Staunton (2017)109 | 17 | F | – | Basketball | In season | 323 | 7.5 ± 1.5 | – | 92.0 ± 3.0 | – |
| 323 | 7.7 ± 1.7 | – | 91.0 ± 4.0 | – | ||||||
| 323 | 7.4 ± 1.8 | – | 92.0 ± 4.0 | – | ||||||
| 323 | 8.3 ± 1.6 | – | 93.0 ± 4.0 | – | ||||||
| Whitworth-Turner (2017)110 | 11 | M | 18.0 ± 1.0 | Soccer | In season | 54 | 8.1 ± 1.1 | 24.0 ± 15.0 | 94.0 ± 3.0 | 6.0 ± 9.0 |
| Blanchfield (2018)65 | 11 | M | 35.0 ± 12.0 | Running | Heavy training phase | 44 | 7.0 ± 0.7 | – | – | – |
| 44 | 6.7 ± 1.0 | – | – | – | ||||||
| 11 | 6.9 ± 0.6 | 18.0 ± 15.0 | 93.0 ± 4.0 | – | ||||||
| 11 | 7.0 ± 1.1 | 22.0 ± 22.0 | 92.0 ± 6.0 | – | ||||||
| Caia (2018)62 | 24 | M | 25.4 ± 3.3 | Rugby | In season | 288 | 7.3 ± 0.8 | 9.3 ± 9.0 | 89.6 ± 2.9 | – |
| 288 | 7.8 ± 0.3 | 11.1 ± 11.3 | 87.7 ± 3.9 | – | ||||||
| Carrico (2018)111 | 25 | M | 26.3 ± 4.7 | Soccer | In season | 95 | 6.6 ± 0.1 | 24.0 ± 9.0 | 85.0 ± 5.0 | 30.0 ± 16.0 |
| 75 | 5.6 ± 0.1 | 35.0 ± 28.0 | 78.0 ± 7.0 | 29.0 ± 13.0 | ||||||
| Costa (2019)112 | 16 | F | 20.4 ± 2.1 | Soccer | In season | 368 | 7.3 ± 0.8 | 6.0 ± 4.0 | 88.0 ± 5.0 | 56.0 ± 30.0 |
| 368 | 7.9 ± 0.7 | 4.0 ± 4.0 | 89.0 ± 4.0 | 55.0 ± 24.0 | ||||||
| Costa (2019)113 | 17 | F | 21.6 ± 2.3 | Soccer | In season | 306 | 7. 2 ± 0.5 | 8.0 ± 2.0 | 90.0 ± 4.0 | 37.0 ± 12.0 |
| 51 | 9.0 ± 0.9 | 9.0 ± 2.0 | 89.0 ± 3.0 | 40.0 ± 10.0 | ||||||
| 306 | 8.6 ± 0.6 | 4.0 ± 2.0 | 91.0 ± 3.0 | 44.0 ± 14.0 | ||||||
| Dunican (2019)114 | 20 | M | 26.0 ± 3.0 | Rugby | In season | 20 | 6.4 ± 0.9 | 55.4 ± 4.4 | 78.7 ± 9.8 | 10.1 ± 8.0 |
| 20 | 7.3 ± 1.3 | 44.8 ± 4.6 | 78.2 ± 10.3 | 10.9 ± 5.1 | ||||||
| 20 | 7.8 ± 1.6 | 27.1 ± 4.8 | 83.0 ± 9.8 | 10.3 ± 7.7 | ||||||
| 20 | 4.4 ± 2.7 | 28.1 ± 4.6 | 62.3 ± 30.0 | 9.2 ± 7.9 | ||||||
| 20 | 6.7 ± 1.3 | 45.1 ± 4.8 | 80.8 ± 9.8 | 19.2 ± 23.7 | ||||||
| 20 | 6.5 ± 1.1 | 31.2 ± 4.8 | 80.3 ± 12.5 | 10.7 ± 11.6 | ||||||
| 20 | 7.3 ± 1.2 | – | 83.3 ± 7.5 | 10.6 ± 8.7 | ||||||
| Knufinke (2018)49 | 42/56 | M/F | 18.8 ± 3.0 | Multi-sports | In season | 282 | 7.5 ± 1.1 | 14.0 ± 17.0 | 88.7 ± 5.6 | 31.0 ± 16.0 |
| Lalor (2018)115 | 45 | M | 22.1 ± 3.3 | ARF | Pre-season | 450 | 9.2 ± 0.1 | 12.0 ± 0.9 | 81.4 ± 0.4 | 79.0 ± 1.7 |
| In season | 450 | 8.1 ± 0.1 | 11.0 ± 1.3 | 85.6 ± 0.5 | 57.0 ± 2.3 | |||||
| Nedelec (2019)116 | 20 | M | 26.0 ± 4.6 | Soccer | In season | 73 | 6.4 ± 0.9 | 38.0 ± 35.0 | 79.1 ± 10.5 | – |
| O'Donnell (2018)117 | 10 | F | 23.0 ± 6.0 | Netball | In season | 10 | 8.8 ± 0.1 | 27.5 ± 34.7 | 85.3 ± 7.2 | – |
| 10 | 8.0 ± 0.1 | 38.5 ± 29.3 | 82.1 ± 8.9 | – | ||||||
| 10 | 6.1 ± 0.1 | 67.0 ± 51.9 | 74.4 ± 10.1 | – | ||||||
| O'Donnell (2018)118 | 11 | F | 23.0 ± 4.0 | Netball | In season | 11 | 8.5 ± 1.0 | 23.4 ± 14.7 | 82.4 ± 6.4 | – |
| 11 | 6.8 ± 0.8 | 21.7 ± 25.6 | 79.4 ± 6.1 | – | ||||||
| 11 | 7.4 ± 0.3 | 33.1 ± 16.3 | 84.1 ± 6.7 | – | ||||||
| Rosa (2018)59 | 11/11 | M/F | 24.8 ± 3.4 | Swimming | Pre-season | 44 | 7.6 ± 0.6 | 21.0 ± 6.0 | 84.7 ± 0.7 | 49.0 ± 5.0 |
| Thornton (2018)119 | 14 | M | 26.1 ± 2.9 | Rugby | Pre-season | 585 | 6.9 ± 1.2 | – | 92.3 ± 3.0 | 35.0 ± 15.6 |
| Vitale (2019)17 | 12/12 | M/F | 26.0 ± 3.4 | Volleyball | In season | 24 | – | 9.0 ± 5.1 | 81.1 ± 4.3 | 12.2 ± 2.7 |
| 24 | – | 12.3 ± 4.4 | 80.7 ± 7.9 | 16.4 ± 3.6 | ||||||
| 24 | – | 6.8 ± 3.1 | 86.7 ± 4.1 | 11.1 ± 2.9 | ||||||
| Lastella (2019)120 | 7 | M | 25.2 ± 3.2 | Soccer | In season | 63 | 7.0 ± 1.6 | 8.5 ± 11.1 | 87.5 ± 4.0 | – |
| Ramos-Campo (2019)121 | 14 | M | 27.6 ± 7.4 | Distance running | Heavy training phase | 14 | 6.8 ± 1.9 | – | 93.5 ± 4.0 | – |
| 14 | 6.8 ± 1.1 | – | 88.2 ± 3.5 | – | ||||||
| 14 | 6.2 ± 1.5 | – | 91.2 ± 5.2 | – | ||||||
| 14 | 6.1 ± 1.2 | – | 84.3 ± 5.6 | – | ||||||
| Sekiguchi (2019)58 | 10 | F | 19.0 ± 1.0 | Running | Competition phase | 70 | 6.7 ± 0.2 | – | 88.0 ± 0.0 | – |
| 70 | 6.6 ± 0.2 | – | 89.0 ± 0.0 | – | ||||||
| 70 | 7.0 ± 0.1 | – | 89.0 ± 0.0 | – | ||||||
| 70 | 6.8 ± 0.3 | – | 88.0 ± 0.0 | – | ||||||
| 70 | 7.2 ± 0.4 | – | 90.0 ± 0.0 | – | ||||||
| 70 | 6.9 ± 0.1 | – | 90.0 ± 0.0 | – | ||||||
| 70 | 6.9 ± 0.2 | – | 89.0 ± 0.0 | – | ||||||
| 70 | 6.8 ± 0.4 | – | 88.0 ± 0.0 | – | ||||||
| 70 | 6.7 ± 0.4 | – | 89.0 ± 0.0 | – | ||||||
| 70 | 6.9 ± 3.0 | – | 89.0 ± 0.0 | – | ||||||
| 70 | 7.1 ± 0.2 | – | 92.0 ± 0.0 | – | ||||||
| 70 | 7.0 ± 0.3 | – | 87.0 ± 0.0 | – | ||||||
| Suppiah (2018)64 | 12 | M | 13.8 ± 1.0 | Shooting | NR | 12 | 5.4 ± 0.6 | – | 82.0 ± 9.2 | 70.6 ± 41.6 |
| 12 | 5.6 ± 0.2 | – | 84.4 ± 7.6 | 60.5 ± 34.0 | ||||||
| 19 | M | 14.8 ± 1.0 | Track and field | Heavy training phase | 19 | 5.4 ± 1.0 | – | 79.0 ± 8.0 | 80.3 ± 34.3 | |
| 19 | 5.5 ± 1.0 | – | 80.6 ± 9.3 | 78.4 ± 41.4 | ||||||
| Walsh (2019)122 | 9/3 | M/F | 21.0 ± 2.0 | Swimming | Heavy training phase | 168 | 7.7 ± 0.7 | 19.0 ± 12.0 | 85.0 ± 5.0 | – |
| Tapering | 168 | 7.9 ± 0.6 | 19.0 ± 6.0 | 85.0 ± 5.0 | – | |||||
| 46 | 8.9 ± 0.8 | 17.0 ± 9.0 | 82.0 ± 5.0 | – | ||||||
| Competition | 67 | 7.9 ± 0.7 | 27.0 ± 11.0 | 82.0 ± 3.0 | – |
Note: When available, the exact number of participants per sex was extracted.
Abbreviations: ARF = Australian Rules Football; F = female; M = male; NA = non-applicable; NR = not reported; SD = standard deviation; SE = sleep efficiency; SOL = sleep onset latency; TST = total sleep time; WASO = wake after sleep onset.