Figure 12.

Proposed mechanism of the anticancer effects of phytoecdysteroids through induction of cell death. Phytoecdysteroids interact through the ABCB1 transmembrane protein and activates mitochondrial apoptosis pathway as well as it suppresses oxidative stress and causes cell cycle arrest. These collectively lead to inhibition of cell proliferation and cell death. ABCB1, transmembrane efflux transporter; CAT, catalase; PARP, poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase; POX, peroxidase; ROS, reactive oxygen species; SOD, superoxide dismutase.