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Graphical abstract. IL-1β induced NP cell damage and produced a large amount of HMGB1, while HMGB1 acted on macrophages and induced their “M1” polarization. Similarly, LPS activated the “M1” polarization of macrophages. The "M1″ polarized macrophages produced pro-inflammatory cytokines to induce further damage of NP cells. MAG distinctly dampened the production of HMGB1 in NP cells and the activation of "M1″ polarized macrophages.
