Table 3. Exercise components of pulmonary rehabilitation.

Respiratory muscle training	a. Inspiratory muscle training:
	Voluntary isocapnic hyperpnea or normocapnic hyperventilation
	Inspiratory resistive loading
	Inspiratory threshold loading
	Tapered threshold loading
	b. Expiratory muscle training
Breathing strategies	a. Controlled breathing techniques
	Pursed lip breathing
	Segmental breathing (lateral costal breathing)
	Diaphragmatic breathing (abdominal breathing)
	Slow and deep breathing
	Alternate nostril breathing
	Frog breathing (Glossopharyngeal breathing)
	Head-down (Trendelenburg) and bending forward postures
	Abdominal girdle
	Relaxation exercises
	b. Bronchial hygiene-airway clearance techniques
	Forced expiration techniques
	Controlled cough maneuver
	Huffing
	Incentive spirometry (sustained maximal inspiration-SMI)
	Flutter breathing (devices applying vibrations to the inside of mouth)
	Postural drainage, percussion, vibration
	Positive expiratory pressure (PEP)
	Active cycle of breathing techniques (ACBT)
	Autogenic drainage
	Mechanical Insufflator-Exsufflator (MI-E)
	Intrapulmonary percussive ventilation (IPV)
	High-frequency chest wall oscillation (HFCWO)
	Cough increasing techniques
	Maximum Insufflation Capacity Maneuver (MIC)
	Glossopharyngeal breathing
	Manually assisted cough (MAC)
	MI-E and IPV
Aerobic/endurance	Continuous/intermittent training
	Bicycle with a single leg
	Scandinavian/Nordic walking training
	Non-assisted walking training
Strengthening/resistance
Other	Upper extremity and shoulder girdle exercises
	Exercises in water
	Balance training
	Neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES): (the diaphragm, abdominal muscles and extremity muscles) Nonlinear exercise training
	Whole-body vibration
	Yoga training
	Tai Chi exercises