Table 2.
Patient characteristics by induction agent used (n = 1260)
| Characteristic | Induction agent | p-value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Propofol (n = 226) | Ketamine (n = 147) | Etomidate (n = 887) | ||
| Age, years | 34 (24–49)a,b | 39 (27–53)a | 44 (29–62) | < 0.001 |
| Age, years | ||||
| 18–35 | 123 (54.4%) | 64 (43.5%) | 330 (37.2%) | |
| 35–65 | 85 (37.6%) | 71 (48.3%) | 373 (42.1%) | < 0.001 |
| > 65 | 18 (8.0%) | 12 (8.2%) | 184 (20.7%) | |
| Pre-intubation shock index | 0.73 (0.60–0.90)b | 0.81 (0.65–1.05)a | 0.72 (0.57–0.95) | 0.01 |
| Pre-intubation shock index | ||||
| 0–0.5 | 25 (11.4%) | 17 (12.4%) | 136 (16.3%) | |
| 0.5–1.0 | 163 (74.4%) | 80 (58.4%) | 524 (62.6%) | 0.002 |
| > 1.0 | 31 (14.2%) | 40 (29.2%) | 177 (21.2%) | |
| Revised trauma score | 7.84 (7.84–7.84)a,b | 7.70 (6.38–7.84)a | 6.00 (5.00–7.84) | < 0.001 |
| Revised trauma score | ||||
| 0–6 | 7 (3.1%) | 29 (21.0%) | 444 (51.8%) | |
| 6–7 | 13 (5.8%) | 28 (20.3%) | 171 (20.0%) | < 0.001 |
| > 7 | 205 (91.1%) | 81 (58.7%) | 242 (28.2%) | |
| Traumatic brain injury | 25 (11.2%)a,b | 37 (26.1%)a | 551 (63.5%) | < 0.001 |
| Injury Severity Scale | 10 (8–17) a,b | 22 (13–29) | 17 (9–29) | < 0.001 |
| Injury Severity Scale | ||||
| < 15 | 161 (72.2%) | 51 (35.4%) | 360 (41.0%) | |
| 15–30 | 55 (24.7%) | 62 (43.1%) | 351 (39.9%) | < 0.001 |
| > 30 | 7 (3.1%) | 31 (21.5%) | 168 (19.1%) | |
| Other peri-intubation medications used | 200 (88.5%)a,b | 72 (49.0%)a | 246 (27.7%) | < 0.001 |
| In-hospital mortality | 4 (1.8%) | 25 (17.0%) | 226 (25.5%) | < 0.001 |
| Hypotension 24-h post-intubation | 50 (22.6%) | 43 (31.6%) | 265 (31.7%) | 0.03 |
| Vasopressor requirement 24-h post-intubation | 40 (18.4%) | 45 (34.6%) | 172 (21.2%) | 0.001 |
| Need for blood transfusion within 24 h | 73 (33.8%)b | 104 (73.2%)a | 282 (32.4%) | < 0.001 |
| Blood pressure | ||||
| Systolic | ||||
| Pre-intubation | 125 (112–140)a | 121 (102–142)a | 138 (120–161) | < 0.001 |
| First post-intubation | 105.5 (92–124)a,b | 120 (95–138.5)a | 141 (118–164) | < 0.001 |
| Second post-intubation | 104 (90–120)a,b | 114.5 (92–140)a | 133 (115–156) | < 0.001 |
| Third post-intubation | 105 (92–124)a | 108 (94–135)a | 127 (109–148) | < 0.001 |
| Diastolic | ||||
| Pre-intubation | 71 (60–82)a | 74 (59–91)a | 87 (71–100) | < 0.001 |
| First post-intubation | 58 (50–70)a,b | 70 (54–86)a | 86 (70–100) | < 0.001 |
| Second post-intubation | 58 (50–65)a,b | 64.5 (53–85)a | 81 (65–94) | 0.001 |
| Third post-intubation | 58 (50–65)a,b | 65 (54–80)a | 76 (62–89) | < 0.001 |
| Heart rate | ||||
| Pre-intubation | 92 (79–107)a,b | 100 (85–115) | 103 (85–122) | < 0.001 |
| First post-intubation | 98 (84–111)a,b | 105 (90–121) | 103 (82–120) | 0.004 |
| Second post-intubation | 93 (80–104)b | 100 (88–119)a | 96 (79–115) | 0.002 |
| Third post-intubation | 88.5 (78.5–98.5)a,b | 98 (84–114.5) | 94 (78–111) | < 0.001 |
| Vasopressor within 15 min of intubation | 35 (15.6%)a | 26 (18.1%)a | 51 (5.9%) | < 0.001 |
| Complications | 83 (36.7%) | 92 (62.6%) | 628 (70.7%) | < 0.001 |
| Discharge disposition | ||||
| Home with/without services | 143 (63.3%) | 53 (36.1%) | 281 (31.7%) | < 0.001 |
| Other healthcare facility | 65 (28.7%) | 53 (36.0%) | 309 (34.8%) | |
| Other | 14 (6.2%) | 14 (9.5%) | 66 (7.4%) | |
| Comorbidities | ||||
| Neurologic disorders | 9 (4.0%) | 1 (11.7%) | 43 (4.9%) | 0.06 |
| Cardiovascular disorders | 5 (2.2%) | 2 (1.4%) | 42 (4.7%) | 0.052 |
| Pulmonary disorders | 4 (1.8%) | 2 (1.4%) | 10 (1.1%) | 0.66 |
| Diabetes | 15 (6.6%) | 8 (5.4%) | 64 (7.2%) | 0.72 |
| HTN | 19 (8.4%) | 14 (9.5%) | 106 (12.0%) | 0.26 |
| History of TIA/CVA | 2 (0.9%) | 2 (1.4%) | 18 (2.0%) | 0.59 |
| History of vascular disease | 0 | 0 | 1 (0.1%) | 0.99 |
| History of PE/DVT | 2 (0.9%) | 0 | 4 (0.5%) | 0.42 |
| None | 53 (23.5%)a | 32 (21.8%) | 140 (15.8%) | 0.011 |
| Neurologic muscle blocker | ||||
| Succinylcholine | 101 (44.7%) | 89 (60.5%) | 605 (68.2%) | |
| Rocuronium | 106 (46.9%) | 49 (33.3%) | 255 (28.8%) | |
| Vecuronium | 6 (2.7%) | 0 | 21 (2.4%) | |
| Cisatracurium | 2 (0.9%) | 0 | 0 | < 0.001 |
| Mivacurium | 0 | 0 | 1 (0.1%) | |
| Other | 0 | 0 | 2 (0.2%) | |
| None | 11 (4.9%) | 9 (6.1%) | 3 (0.3%) | |
Results are reported as no. (%) or median (IQR) as appropriate. The total n for this table excludes patients who received induction agents other than propofol, etomidate, or ketamine
CVA cerebrovascular accident, DVT deep vein thrombus, HTN hypertension, PE pulmonary embolism, TIA transient ischemic attack
aSignificantly different from Etomidate group at a DCSF-adjusted or Bonferroni-adjusted p < 0.05 for continuous or categorical variables, respectively
bSignificantly different from Ketamine group at a DCSF-adjusted or Bonferroni-adjusted p < 0.05 for continuous or categorical variables, respectively