TABLE 3.
Beta-lactamases genes identified in isolates from gulls reported between 1981 and 2020.
| Continent | AmpC | CP | ESBL | Othersa | References |
| Africa | NR | blaOXA–48 | NR | NR | Barguigua et al., 2019 |
| Antarctica | NR | NR | NR | NR | − |
| Asia | NR | NR | blaCTX–M–14, blaCTX–M–15, blaCTX–M–55, blaCTX–M–79 | NR | Hasan et al., 2014 |
| Europe | blaCMY–2, blaCMY, blaDHA–1, blaACT–14, blaACT–15, blaACT–23 | blaOXA–48, blaOXA–181, blaKPC–2, blaKPC–3, blaOXA–71, blaOXA–208, blaVIM–1, blaVIM–4 | blaCTX–M–15, blaCTX–M–55, blaSHV–2, blaCTX–M–1, blaCTX–M–14, blaCTX–M–27, blaCTX–M–9, blaSHV–12, blaPER, blaCTX–M–32, blaCTX–M, blaTEM–84, blaCTX–M–2, blaCTX–M–8, blaCTX–M–3, blaTEM–52C, blaTEM–52, blaCTX–M–14a, blaPSE–1 | blaTEM, blaOXA–1–like, blaTEM–1, blaSHV, blaOXA–1, blaOXA–3, blaOXA–5, blaTEM–1b | Čížek et al., 2007; Dolejska et al., 2007; Poeta et al., 2008; Bonnedahl et al., 2009, 2010; Dolejská et al., 2009; Radhouani et al., 2009; Hernandez et al., 2010; Literak et al., 2010, 2014; Simões et al., 2010; Wallensten et al., 2011; Veldman et al., 2013; Vredenburg et al., 2014; Aberkane et al., 2015, 2016, 2017; Antilles et al., 2015; Stedt et al., 2015; Varela et al., 2015; Carroll et al., 2015; Masarikova et al., 2016; Alcalá et al., 2016; Atterby et al., 2017; Merkeviciene et al., 2017, 2018; Vergara et al., 2017; Vittecoq et al., 2017 |
| North America | blaampC, blaCMY–2, blaCMY–61, blaDHA–1, blaCMY | blaKPC–2, blaOXA–48, blaOXA–9, blaCARB–1, blaCARB–2, blaCARB | blaCTX–M, blaCTX–M–1, blaCTX–M–14, blaCTX–M–15, blaCTX–M–27, blaCTX–M–32, blaCTX–M–3, blaCTX–M–55, blaCTX–M–65, blaCTX–M–8, blaTEM–141, blaTEM–52, blaTEM–19, blaTEM–206, blaTEM–214, blaSHV–12, blaSHV–2, blaSHV–2A, blaSHV–11, blaSHV–14 | blaTEM–1A, blaTEM–1B, blaTEM–1C, blaTEM–1D, blaOXA–1, blaOXA–466, blaampH, blaampC2, blamrdA, blaampC1, blaTEM–1, blaSHV–1, blaTEM | Alroy and Ellis, 2011; Martiny et al., 2011; Bonnedahl et al., 2014, 2015; Atterby et al., 2016; Ahlstrom et al., 2018, 2019a,b, 2021; Gomez-Alvarez et al., 2019 |
| Oceania | blaCMY–2, blaCMY–13, blaCMY–42, blaCMY–60 | blaOXA–48, blaIMP–4, blaIMP–38 | blaCTX–M–15, blaCTX–M–27, blaCTX–M–14, blaCTX–M–3, blaCTX–M–55, blaCTX–M–11, blaCTX–M–24 | blaTEM–1, blaLAP–2, blaTEM, blaOXA–1, blaSHV, blaOXA–1, blaTEM–1 | Dolejska et al., 2016; Papagiannitsis et al., 2017; Mukerji et al., 2019, 2020; Cummins et al., 2020 |
| South America | NR | NR | blaCTX–M–1, blaCTX–M–2, blaCTX–M–14, blaSHV–2A, blaSHV–2, blaCTX–M–15, blaCTX–M–22, blaCTX–M–3, blaTEM–40, blaTEM–198, blaSHV–12 | blaTEM–1 | Hernandez et al., 2013; Báez et al., 2015; Liakopoulos et al., 2016 |
AmpC, cephalosporinases; CP, carbapenemases; NR, not reported.
aCorresponds to beta-lactamases that are not classified as ESBL, AmpC, or CP.