TABLE 4.

AMR genes identified in isolates from gulls reported between 1981 and 2020.

Continent	FQ	POLY	TET	AMG	CHL	SUL	TMP	MAC	STR	GLY	FOS	RIF	References
Africa	aac(6′)-Ib-cr, qnrS1, qnrB1	NR	NR	NR	NR	NR	NR	NR	NR	NR	NR	NR	Barguigua et al., 2019
Antarctica	NR	NR	NR	NR	NR	NR	NR	NR	NR	NR	NR	NR	−
Asia	NR	NR	NR	NR	NR	NR	NR	NR	NR	NR	NR	NR	−
Europe	aac(6′)-Ib-cr, qnrB, gyrA, parC, qnrA1, qnrS, qnrB1, qnrS1	mcr-9, mcr-1,	tetA, tetB, tetG, tetL, tetM, tetD	aadB, aadA, aadA1, aadA2, aadA4, aadA5, rmtB, armA, aphA1, aacA4, aac(3)II, strA, strB, aac(6′)-Ib, aph(30′)-IIIa, ant(6)-Ia, sat, aac(3)-IV, aac(6′), aadA1a	catII, catA, catA1, cmlA, cmlA1, floR, cat, catB3	sul1, sul2, sul3	dfr1, dfr5, dfr7, dfrA16, dfrA1, dfrA12, dfrA14, dfrA17, dfrA7, dfrA15	ermB	vatE, vatD	vanA	NR	NR	Čížek et al., 2007; Dolejska et al., 2007; Gionechetti et al., 2008; Poeta et al., 2008; Dolejská et al., 2009; Radhouani et al., 2009, 2010, 2011; Bonnedahl et al., 2009, 2010; Hernandez et al., 2010; Literak et al., 2010, 2014; Simões et al., 2010; Wallensten et al., 2011; Veldman et al., 2013; Vredenburg et al., 2014; Aberkane et al., 2015, 2016; Carroll et al., 2015; Aberkane et al., 2017; Stedt et al., 2015; Varela et al., 2015; Antilles et al., 2015; Masarikova et al., 2016; Ruzauskas and Vaskeviciute, 2016; Alcalá et al., 2016; Merkeviciene et al., 2017, 2018; Vergara et al., 2017; Vittecoq et al., 2017; Atterby et al., 2017; Ngaiganam et al., 2019; Ahlstrom et al., 2019b; Haenni et al., 2020; Łopińska et al., 2020; Zendri et al., 2020; Aires-De-sousa et al., 2020
North America	aac(6′)-Ib-cr, gyrA, parC, parE, qnrB4, qnrS1, oqxB, qnrA1, qnrB, qnrA	NR	tetA, tetB, tetC, tetD, tetR	aac3, aac(3)-Iia, aac(3)-IId, aac(3)-VIa, aadA, aadA1, aadA2, aadA2b, aadA5, ant(2″)-Ia, aph(3″)-Ib, aph(3′)-Ia, aph(6)-Id, aph(3′), aac(3)-IIa, aph(3′)-IIa, strA, strB	catA1, catB3, catB4, cmlA1, floR	sul1, sul2, sul3	dfrA1, dfrA5, dfrA7, dfrA8, dfrA12, dfrA14, dfrA15, dfrA16, dfrA17, dfrA5, dfrA8	ermB, mphA, mphE, ereA	NR	NR	fosA3, fosA4, fosA7	NR	Alroy and Ellis, 2011; Martiny et al., 2011; Bonnedahl et al., 2014, 2015; Atterby et al., 2016; Ahlstrom et al., 2018, 2019a,c, 2021; Gomez-Alvarez et al., 2019
Oceania	qnrS, qnrB, qnrS1, qnrB4, qnrB6	mrc-1	tetA, tetM	strA, strB, aac(6′)-Iy, ant(3″)-IIa, aph(3′)-Ia, aac(3)-IId, aph(3′)-IIIa, aac(6′)aph(2″)	floR	sul2, sul3	dfrA14	mphA, ermB	NR	vanB	fosA7	arr-2	Dolejska et al., 2016; Oravcova et al., 2017; Papagiannitsis et al., 2017; Mukerji et al., 2019, 2020; Cummins et al., 2020
South America	NR	NR	tetA	strA, strB	NR	NR	NR	NR	NR	NR	NR	NR	Hernandez et al., 2013; Báez et al., 2015; Liakopoulos et al., 2016; Toro et al., 2016

FQ, fluoroquinolones; POLY, polypeptides; TET, tetracyclines; AMG, aminoglycosides; CHL, chloramphenicol; SUL, sulfonamides; TMP, trimethoprim; MAC, macrolides; STR, streptogramins; GLY, glycopeptides; FOS, fosfomycin; RIF, rifamycin; NR, not reported.