Table 1.
General, IBD-related, and type-2 diabetes related characteristics of the study population at study entry by treatment with GLP-1 receptor agonists/DPP-4 inhibitors during follow-up.
| Variable | New users of GLP-1-receptor agonists and/or DPP-4 inhibitors during follow-up |
Non-users of GLP-1-receptor agonists and/or DPP-4 inhibitors |
||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| N | % | N | % | |
| 982 | 2769 | |||
| General characteristics | ||||
| Sex | ||||
| Female | 445 | 45·3 | 1298 | 46·9 |
| Male | 537 | 54·7 | 1471 | 53·1 |
| Age at study entry | ||||
| <30 years | 10 | 1·0 | 34 | 1·2 |
| 30–65 years | 701 | 71·4 | 1285 | 46·6 |
| >65 years | 271 | 27·6 | 1450 | 52·4 |
| Cause criterion† | ||||
| IBD before T2D | 611 | 62·2 | 1568 | 56·6 |
| IBD same date as T2D | 10 | 1·0 | 53 | 1·9 |
| IBD after T2D | 361 | 36·8 | 1148 | 41·5 |
| Year criterion† | ||||
| <2007 | 402 | 40·9 | 863 | 31·2 |
| 2007–2010 | 235 | 23·9 | 581 | 21·0 |
| 2011–2014 | 248 | 25·3 | 779 | 28·1 |
| 2015–2019 | 97 | 9·9 | 546 | 19·7 |
| IBD related characteristics | ||||
| IBD subtype | ||||
| CD | 221 | 22·5 | 739 | 26·7 |
| UC | 761 | 77·5 | 2030 | 73·3 |
| Age at IBD diagnosis | ||||
| <30 years | 102 | 10·4 | 159 | 5·7 |
| 30–65 years | 732 | 74·5 | 1590 | 57·4 |
| >65 years | 149 | 17·1 | 1020 | 36·8 |
| IBD duration | ||||
| < 1 year | 393 | 40·0 | 1426 | 51·5 |
| 1–5 years | 167 | 17·0 | 503 | 18·2 |
| 5–10 years | 126 | 12·8 | 250 | 9·0 |
| > 10 years | 296 | 30·1 | 590 | 21·3 |
| IBD-related inpatient hospitalization | ||||
| 1 year before entry | 40 | 4·1 | 110 | 4·0 |
| 5 years before entry | 139 | 14·2 | 439 | 15·9 |
| No. of IBD related surgeries | ||||
| None | 845 | 86·0 | 2315 | 83·6 |
| 1–2 | 95 | 9·7 | 328 | 11·8 |
| > 2 | 42 | 4·3 | 126 | 4·6 |
| IBD severity | ||||
| Mild | 764 | 77·8 | 2041 | 73·7 |
| Moderate | 110 | 11·2 | 344 | 12·4 |
| Severe | 108 | 11·0 | 384 | 13·9 |
| IBD-related comorbidity | ||||
| Immune-mediated inflammatory diseases^ | 23 | 2·3 | 79 | 2·9 |
| IBD drug treatment | ||||
| 5-ASA | 558 | 56·8 | 1304 | 47·1 |
| Oral corticosteroids | 498 | 50·7 | 1446 | 52·2 |
| Topical corticosteroids | 346 | 35·2 | 862 | 31·1 |
| Immunomodulators | 163 | 16·6 | 395 | 14·3 |
| Other immune suppressants | 7 | 0·7 | 21 | 0·8 |
| TNF-α-inhibitors | 14 | 1·4 | 22 | 0·8 |
| No IBD medication | 235 | 23·9 | 729 | 26·3 |
| Type 2 diabetes related characteristics | ||||
| Age at type 2 diabetes diagnosis | ||||
| < 30 years | 25 | 2·5 | 70 | 2·5 |
| 30–65 years | 777 | 79·1 | 1601 | 57·8 |
| > 65 years | 180 | 18·3 | 1098 | 39·7 |
| Type 2 diabetes duration | ||||
| < 1 year | 477 | 48·6 | 1354 | 48·9 |
| 1–5 years | 256 | 26·1 | 675 | 24·4 |
| > 5 years | 249 | 25·4 | 740 | 26·7 |
| Type 2 diabetes related comorbidities | ||||
| Nephropathy | 19 | 1·9 | 130 | 4·7 |
| Retinopathy | 43 | 4·4 | 91 | 3·3 |
| Neuropathy | 21 | 2·1 | 58 | 2·1 |
| Myocardial infarction | 21 | 2·1 | 80 | 2·9 |
| Heart failure | 23 | 2·3 | 144 | 5·2 |
| Cerebrovascular disease | 35 | 3·6 | 183 | 6·6 |
| Other diabetic complications | 63 | 6·4 | 243 | 8·8 |
| Antihypertensive drugs | 587 | 59·8 | 1822 | 65·8 |
| Lipid-lowering drugs | 441 | 44·9 | 1167 | 42·1 |
| Type 2 diabetes drug treatment | ||||
| Biguanides | 374 | 38·1 | 718 | 25,9 |
| Insulin | 111 | 11·3 | 402 | 14·5 |
| Sulfonylureas | 232 | 23·6 | 438 | 15·8 |
| Thiazolidinediones | 18 | 1·8 | 9 | 0·3 |
| SGLT2 inhibitors | <5 | – | <5 | – |
| Combination therapy | 12 | 1·2 | 14 | 0·5 |
CD Crohn's disease, DPP-4 dipeptidyl peptidase 4, GLP-1 glucagon-like-peptide 1, IBD Inflammatory bowel disease, SGLT2 Sodium-glucose Cotransporter-2, T2D Type 2 diabetes, TNF-α tumour necrosis factor alpha, UC Ulcerative Colitis.
†
Criterion is when an individual is diagnosed with both IBD and type 2 diabetes, and the latest date of diagnosis with one of the two diseases is the date of criterion.
^
Immune-mediated inflammatory diseases: Ankylosing spondylitis, psoriasis, psoriasis arthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, sarcoidosis.