Table 1.
Baseline characteristics between patients with different types of infection.
| Viral infection alone N = 6368 | Bacterial infection alone N = 3455 | Laboratory-confirmed viral-bacterial co-infection N = 1087 | Clinically suspected viral-bacterial co-infection N = 8451 | p value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, Mean (SD) | 0.114 | ||||
| 68.7 (20.1) | 69.2 (17.9) | 70.9 (17.0) | 69.1 (18.8) | ||
| Age group (%) | <0.001* | ||||
| <65 | 2252 (35.4) | 1208(35.0) | 330 (30.4) | 3028 (35.8) | |
| 65–74 | 945 (14.8) | 665 (19.2) | 215 (19.8) | 1358 (16.1) | |
| 75–84 | 1615 (25.4) | 843 (24.4) | 306 (28.2) | 2132 (25.2) | |
| ≥85 | 1556 (24.4) | 739 (21.4) | 236 (21.7) | 1933 (22.9) | |
| Sex (%) | <0.001* | ||||
| Female | 3358 (52.7) | 1502 (43.5) | 511 (47.0) | 4300 (50.9) | |
| Comorbidities (%) | 4019 (63.1) | 2026 (58.6) | 741 (68.2) | 5155 (61.0) | <0.001* |
| Myocardial infarction | 477 (7.5) | 154 (4.5) | 72 (6.6) | 486 (5.8) | <0.001* |
| Congestive heart failure | 858 (13.5) | 287 (8.3) | 128 (11.8) | 983 (11.6) | <0.001* |
| Peripheral vascular disease | 153 (2.4) | 54 (1.6) | 25 (2.3) | 139 (1.6) | 0.002* |
| Cerebrovascular disease | 1032 (16.2) | 274 (7.9) | 144 (13.2) | 1250 (14.8) | <0.001* |
| Chronic pulmonary disease | 1220 (19.2) | 662 (19.2) | 295 (27.1) | 1478 (17.5) | <0.001* |
| Diabetes mellitus | 1196 (18.8) | 574 (16.6) | 181 (16.7) | 1496 (17.7) | 0.036* |
| Rheumatic disease | 95 (1.5) | 46 (1.3) | 27 (2.5) | 144 (1.7) | 0.047* |
| Peptic ulcer disease | 278 (4.4) | 69 (2.0) | 51 (4.7) | 308 (3.6) | <0.001* |
| Hemiplegia/paraplegia | 184 (2.9) | 30 (0.9) | 18 (1.7) | 248 (2.9) | <0.001* |
| Dementia | 418 (6.6) | 116 (3.4) | 61 (5.6) | 541 (6.4) | <0.001* |
| Renal disease | 531 (8.3) | 225 (6.5) | 94 (8.6) | 608 (7.2) | 0.002* |
| Malignancy | 651 (10.2) | 397 (11.5) | 135 (12.4) | 944 (11.2) | 0.064* |
| Liver disease | 396 (6.2) | 191 (5.5) | 73 (6.7) | 519 (6.1) | 0.411* |
| Metastatic solid tumor | 175 (2.7) | 156 (4.5) | 29 (2.7) | 209 (2.5) | <0.001* |
| Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome | 7 (0.1) | 11 (0.3) | 2 (0.2) | 14 (0.2) | 0.131* |
| Laboratory result | |||||
| Neutrophil | <0.001 | ||||
| Mean (SD) | 6.6 (4.0) | 9.9 (5.5) | 7.9 (4.9) | 6.4 (3.9) | |
| Missing (%) | 256 (4.0) | 97 (2.8) | 35 (3.2) | 276 (3.3) | |
| Lymphocyte | 0.057 | ||||
| Mean (SD) | 1.0 (1.8) | 1.1 (2.7) | 0.9 (0.7) | 1.0 (3.4) | |
| Missing (%) | 256 (4.0) | 97 (2.8) | 35 (3.2) | 276 (3.3) | |
| Neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio | <0.001 | ||||
| Mean (SD) | 9.8 ()9.7 | 14.7 (16.2) | 12.6 (14.8) | 9.6 (10.8) | |
| Missing (%) | 256 (4.0) | 97 (2.8) | 35 (3.2) | 276 (3.3) | |
| Platelet | <0.001 | ||||
| Mean (SD) | 191.5 (78.6) | 227.0 (101.8) | 200.7 (92.2) | 187.1 (76.7) | |
| Missing (%) | 164 (2.6) | 49(1.4) | 23 (2.1) | 157 (1.9) | |
| C-reactive protein | |||||
| Mean (SD) | 5.8 (6.3) | 10.9 (9.8) | 10.1 (8.9) | 5.9 (6.3) | <0.001 |
| Missing (%) | 2405 (37.8) | 842 (24.4) | 365 (33.6) | 3136 (37.1) | |
| Hospital length of stay, Mean (SD) | 7.1 (18.3) | 7.3 (9.3) | 9.3 (22.9) | 5.5 (10.9) | <0.001 |
SD = standard deviations.
p values are for analysis of variance or chi square test*.