Table 2.
GJ blocker pharmaceutical molecules, their GJ and non-GJ targets
| GJ blocker | Selectivity for Cx Isoforms | Non-GJ target receptors | Non-GJ target channels |
|---|---|---|---|
| Anandamide | 32, 43 | CB1, GABA, glycine, 5-HT | Na+ and Ca2+ |
| Carbenoxolone | Non-selective | p2x7 | Voltage-gated Ca2+ |
| Flufenamic acid | 26, 32, 40, 43, 46, 50 | p2x7, GABA, NMDA | voltage-gated K+Cl–, K+ |
| Gap26, Gap27 | 32, 37, 40, 43 | ||
| Glycyrrhetinic acid | Non-selective | Ca2+ | |
| Heptanol | 32, 43, 45 | p2x7, kainate | Ca2+, K+ |
| Meclofenamic acid | 36, 43, 50 | GABA | Voltage-gated K+ |
| Mefloquine | 36, 43, 50 | Adenosine and p2x7 | ATP-sensitive K+ |
| Niflumic acid | 43, 46, 50 | GABA, NMDA | voltage-gated K+Cl–, Ca2+, Na+ |
| Octanol | 43, 46, 50 | GABA, glycine, AMPA, NMDA, kainate, p2x7 | T-type Ca2+ |
| Oleamide | 32, 43 | CB1, GABA, glycine, 5-HT | |
| Quinidine | 50 | Cholinergic | K+ and Na+ |
| Quinine | 36, 45, 50 | Cholinergic | Voltage-dependent K+ |
| Retinoic acid | 38 | Retinoids, dopamine, 5-HT | L and N-type Ca2+ |
5-HT: 5-Hydroxytryptamine; AMPA: α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid; CB1: cannabinoid receptor 1; GABA: gamma-aminobutyric acid; GJs: gap junctions; NMDA: N-methyl-D-aspartate; p2x7: purinoceptor 7 (Data from Manjarrez-Marmolejo and Franco-Pérez, 2016).