Table 1.

Localization and local translation errors of different proteins in various diseases

mRNA	Disease	The original function	Location and Translation Errors	Reference
p110β	FXS	PI3K catalytic subunit and target mRNA of FMRP	Abnormal or maladjusted activity of PI3k	Gross et al. (2010)
β-Actin	SMA	cytoskeletal protein	The β-actin mRNA of SMA motor neurons can be mislocated, causing axonal growth interference	Rossoll et al. (2003);
				Rathod et al. (2012)
HuD	SMA	Regulate target mRNA stability, translation, neurodevelopment and plasticity	Molecular motor defect, β-actin mRNA and the microtubule associated protein Tau mRNA were limited in axonal localization.	Fallini et al. (2011)
GAP43	SMA	Axon growth	Motor neuron axon growth defect	Fallini et al. (2016)
tau	AD	Mainly located in axons and growth cones, regulating microtubule dynamics	Hyperphosphorylation leads to the loss of its specific axon location, re-aggregation in the cyton and dendrites, resulting in the formation of net	Aronov et al. (2001);
				Gauthier-Kemper et al. (2011);
				Guo et al. (2017)
TDP-43	ALS	Transport g4-containing mRNA from the nucleus to the neurite	The transport of axonal mRNA was damaged, the synthesis of FutsCH was blocked, and the normal action of microtubule cytoskeleton was affected	Ishiguro et al. (2016); Endo et al. (2018)
FUS	ALS	Intracellular protein or mRNA transport plays a role in transcription, splicing, RNA localization, and DNA damage	Local ISR is triggered and local protein synthesis is inhibited, ultimately damaging the synaptic function of neurons	López-Erauskin et al. (2020)

AD: Alzheimer’s disease; ALS: amyotrophic lateral sclerosis; FXS: fragile X syndrome; ISR: integrated stress response; SMA: spinal muscular atrophy.