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. 2021 Feb 19;16(10):2109–2120. doi: 10.4103/1673-5374.303537

Figure 9.

Figure 9

Luteolin inhibited (lut) the JNK pathway in the retinas of rd10 mice (rd).

(A) Images of western blots (left panel) showing expression of ERK and p-ERK, with GAPDH as a loading control, at P26. Ratios of p-ERK/ERK for each sample are shown on the right. (B) Western blots of JNK and p-JNK (left panel) and ratios of p-JNK to JNK for each sample (right panel). Data are expressed as mean ± SEM. Data were calculated from at least three independent experiments. *P < 0.05 (one-way analysis of variance followed by Tukey’s post hoc test). Numbers within bars indicate quantities of mice tested. (C) Changes in expression levels of the phosphorylated forms of key signaling molecules after specified treatments by protein array assays. Data were averaged from two independent repeats: the first test used protein samples of both retinas from five WT, three PBS-treated, and three luteolin-treated mice; while the second used five WT, four PBS-treated, and three luteolin-treated mice. 4E-BP1: Eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E-binding protein 1; Akt: protein kinase B; AMPKα: adenosine 5′-monophosphate-activated protein kinase α; BAD: Bcl-xL/Bcl-2-associated death promoter; ERK: extracellular-signal-regulated kinase; GAPDH: glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase; GSK: glycogen synthase kinase; HSP27: heat shock protein 27; JNK: c-Jun N-terminal kinase; MEK: mitogen-activated protein kinase-extracellular-signal-regulated kinase kinase; MKK: mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase; MSK: mitogen-and-stress-activated protein kinase; mTOR: mammalian target of rapamycin; P: postnatal day; P70S6K: 70-kDa ribosomal protein S6 kinase; PBS: phosphate-buffered saline; PDK1: phosphoinositide-dependent protein kinase 1; p-ERK: phosphorylated extracellular-signal-regulated kinase; p-JNK: phosphorylated JNK; PRAS40: proline-rich Akt substrate of 40 KD; PTEN: phosphatase and tensin homologue deleted on chromosome ten; Raf-1: rapidly accelerated fibrosarcoma-1; RPS6: ribosomal protein S6; RSK: ribosomal S6 kinase; WT: wild-type.