Figure 1.

Spatial memory and learning as assessed by Morris water maze test in an ovariectomized mouse model of Alzheimer’s disease after 4 weeks of drug administration.

In the visible platform test, no statistically significant differences were found in escape latency (A) and path length (B) among the six groups (P > 0.05). (C) In the probe trial, the mice in the combined treatment groups traveled across the platform zone more often in a 60-second period than those in the control and single-drug groups. Data are presented as the mean ± SEM (n = 8). *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001, ****P < 0.0001 (two-way analysis of variance with Student-Newman-Keuls tests). E2: 17β-Estradiol; LG: liquiritigenin; VPA: valproic acid.