Table 1.

Risk factors for postpartum depression reported by studies included in the systematic review and meta–analysis

Variables		No. of studies
		Reporting risk for postpartum depression	Total
Socio–demographic factors
Age	Young age	3	12
Age at marriage	Older at marriage	1	2
Education	Low education	6	14
Economic	Poor economic	5	11
Employment & occupation	Not work outside the home	5	14
	Work outside the home	2
Religion	Non–Muslim	1	1
Number of children	Having more than one child	1	2
Sleep quality	Low sleep quality, experienced sleep disturbances, used medication, have dysfunction	1	1
Caffeine consumption	High intake caffeine(g) and refined grain (g)	1	1
Ethnicity	Arab	1	1
Household food security status	Food insecurity increased PPD	1	1
Body image and weight	Having a negative body and Weight image at 3 months	1	2
Transportation access	Lack of access	1	1
Length of residency (immigration)	Less than 2 years	1	1
Planned to back to work after maternity leave	Not planned	1	1
Health insurance	Without health insurance	1	1
Marital & family relationship factors
Relationship with family	Lack of relationship	5	6
Consanguinity	Consanguinity	1	2
Violence	Violated women	1	2
	Intimate partner violence	1
Family support	Lack of support	4	4
History of family depression	Family with history	1	1
Pregnancy & birth related factors
Planned and unplanned pregnancy	Unplanned pregnancy	6	10
	Planned pregnancy	1
Maternal complications	Complications of pregnancy	4	7
	Complications of birth	1
Type of delivery	Caesarean section	2	8
	Vaginal section	1
Primigravida		1	1
Newborn–related factors
Gender of baby		2	9
Health of baby	Un healthy	2	3
Type of feeding	Feeding by formula	5	6
Birth of first child		1	1
Care of baby	Difficulties caring of baby	2	2