Table 1.
Types and prevalence of glucose dysregulation (GD) in patients with β-thalassemias (TDT and NTDT) in different countries.
| Patients with TDT Total: M/F (Age range) | TDT patients tested with OGTT (Criteria used) |
IFG (%) M/F Age range |
IFG+IGT (%) M/F Age range |
IDDM (%) M/F Age range |
NIDDM (%) M/ F Age range |
Total number of patients with GD after OGTT |
|
Bulgaria (1) 39 23/16 (1-18) |
26 (WHO) |
4 (15.3%) 3/1 > 10 years |
0 - - |
0 - - |
0 - - |
4 (15.3%) |
|
Bulgaria (2) 44 22/22 (1-59) |
42 (WHO) |
0 0 0 |
2 (4.8%) 0/2 11-13 |
3 (7.1%) 3/0 31-52 |
1 (2.4%) 0/1 25 |
6 (14.3%) |
|
Greece 359 176/183 (0.4-63) |
347 (ISPAD and WHO) |
12 (3.4%) 6/6 29-57 |
0 - - |
10 (2.9%) 6/4 39-63 |
51 (14.7%) 19/32 29-59 |
73 (21%) |
|
Iran 700 388/312 (1-51) |
NA (ADA) |
NR - - |
NR - - |
64 (9.1%) 35/29 7-51 |
44 (6.2%) 24/20 18-38 |
NA |
|
Italy (1) 66 31/35 (1-57) |
56 (ADA) |
3 (5.3%) 0/3 39-50 |
0 - - |
3 (5.3%) 2/1 47-57 |
3 (5.3%) 2/1 45-52 |
9 (16%) |
|
Italy (2) 82 30/52 (1-64) |
77 (WHO) |
3 (3.9%) 1/2 32-40 |
2 (2.6%) 1/1 32-43 |
6 (7.8%) 0/6 43-55 |
1 (1.3%) 1/0 64 |
12 (15.6%) |
|
Italy (3) 147 74/73 (25-56) |
147 (ADA) |
4 (2.7%) 2/2 25-40 |
13 (8.8%) 8/5 41-56 |
23 (15.7%) 8/15 45-53 |
3 (2.0%) 0/3 27-49 |
43 (29.2%) |
|
Italy (4) 135 85/41 (1-59) |
85 (WHO) |
0 - - |
1 (1.2%) 0/1 50 |
6 (7%) 3/3 38-54 |
10 (11.8%) 6/4 38-63 |
17 (20%) |
|
Kingdom of Saudi Arabia 146 77/69 (1-52) |
137 (WHO) |
59 (43 %) 34/25 11-47 |
11 (8 %) 5/6 11-47 |
9 (6.5%) 3/6 17-47 |
2 (1.4%) 2/0 29-47 |
81 (59.1%) |
|
Oman 100 44/56 (6-41) |
97 (WHO) |
2 (2%) 1/1 24-25 |
7 (7.2%) 3/4 22-29 |
11 (11.3%) 4/7 14-40 |
5 (5.1%) 2/3 16-34 |
25 (25.7%) |
|
Qatar 140 78/62 (14-40) |
90 (ADA) |
14 (15.5%) 10/4 20-24 |
13 (14.4%) 8/5 25-31 |
7 (7.7%) 3/4 28-40 |
7 (7.7%) 3/4 28-40 |
41 (45.5%) |
|
Sri Lanka 154 80/74 (11-44) |
152 (ADA) |
33 (21.7%) 19/14 13-38 |
0 - - |
22 (14.4%) 7/15 11-44 |
1 (0.65%) 0/1 18 |
56 (36.8%) |
|
Turkey 154/152 80/74 (11-44) |
NA (WHO) |
NR NR NR |
NR NR NR |
6 (12.5%) 3/3 NR |
0 - - |
NA |
|
United Kingdom 92 44/48 (18-59) |
92 (ADA) |
7 (7.6%) 4/3 24-48 |
10 (10.9%) 5/5 25-49 |
25 (27.2%) 13/12 28-59 |
10 (10.9%) 4/6 26-54 |
52 (56.6%) |
|
Total 2252 |
1348 (59.8%) |
141 (10.5%) |
59 (4.4%) |
195 (8.6%) |
138 (6.1%) |
419 (31.0%) |
| Total number of patients with NTDT followed in the 14 Centers |
NTDT patients tested with OGTT (Criteria used) |
IFG (%) |
IFG+IGT (%) |
IDDM (%) |
NIDDM (%) |
No. of patients with GDs after OGTT |
|
874 (1-87) |
378 (WHO/ADA) |
20 (5.3%) 7/13 (18-46) |
4 (1.1%) 3/1 (24-47) |
12 (1.0%) 7/5 (30-87) |
10 (2.6 %) 3/7 (25-54) |
46 (12.1%) |
| P value | - | 0.004 | 0.003 | < 0.00001 | < 0.00001 | < 0.00001 |
Legend = TDT: transfusion-dependent β-thalassemia; NDTT: non-transfusion-dependent β-thalassemia; M: Males; F: Females; ADA: American Diabetes Association; WHO: World Health Organization; ISPAD: International Society for Pediatric and Adolescent Diabetes; FPG: Fasting plasma glucose; IGT: Impaired glucose tolerance; IDDM; Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus; NIDDM: Non insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus; GD: Glucose dysregulation, NA: Not available; NR: Not reported.