Table 1.
Differences between healthy and dysfunctional endothelium
| Healthy endothelium | Dysfunctional endothelium |
| 1. Vasodilatation | 1. Vasoconstriction |
| NO PGI-2 EDHF |
ET-1 AT-II TXA2 PGH2 ROS |
| 2. Anti-inflammation | 2. Inflammation |
| IL-10 TGF-β |
TNF-α IL -1β IL-6 MCP-1 MIP-1α ICAM-1 VCAM-1 ELAM-1 (E-selectin) BMP-4 |
| 3. Thrombolysis | 3. Thrombosis |
| NO PGI-2 |
vWF PAF |
| 4. Anti-coagulation | 4. Coagulation |
| GAGs/ATIII TFPI Thrombomodulin EPCR |
TF binding sites for coagulation factors and fibrin |
| 5. Fibrinolysis | 5. Anti-fibrinolysis |
| t-PA u-PA a plasminogen binding site PA receptors Annexin - II |
PAI TAFI |
| 6. Anti-proliferation | 6. Proliferation |
| under normal conditions proliferation is stopped | Heparan sulfate proteoglycans Integrins Components of the extracellular matrix Intracellular signaling molecules Growth factors: VEGF, FGF, PDGF, TGF Growth factor receptors |
Legend: NO=nitric oxide; PGI-2=prostacyclin; EDHF=endothelial hyperpolarizing factor; ET-1=endothelin; AT-II=angiotensin II; TXA-2=tromboxan A2; PGH2=prostaglandin H2; ROS=reactive oxygen species; IL-10=interleukin 10; TGF-β=transforming growth factor beta; TNF- α=tumor necrosis factor alpha; IL- 1β=interleukin 1 beta; IL-6=interleukin 6; MCP-1=monocyte chemoattractant protein 1; MIP-1α=macrophage inflammatory protein 1 alpha; ICAM-1=intracellular adhesion molecule 1; VCAM-1=vascular cell adhesion molecule 1; ELAM-1 (or E selectin)=endothelial-leukocyte adhesion molecule 1; BMP-4=bone morphogenetic protein 4; vWF=von Willebrand factor; PAF=platelet activating factor; GAGs/ATIII=glycosaminoglycans/ antithrombin III; TFPI=tissue factor pathway inhibitor; EPCR=endothelial cell protein C receptor; TF=tissue factor; t-PA=tissue type plasminogen activator; u-PA=urokinase type plasminogen activator; PA – receptors= plasminogen activator receptors; PAI=plasminogen activator inhibitor; ROS=reactive oxygen species; TAFI=thrombin activatable fibrinolysis inhibitor; VEGF=vascular endothelial growth factor; FGF=fibroblast growth factor; PDGF=platelet-derived growth factor; TGF=tissue growth factor