Table 2.

Differences in psychological distress and loneliness between 1054 samples in the UK and 1003 samples in China, n (%).

Variables	England, the UK	Shanghai, China	χ2/Mann-Whitney U	p value
GHQ-12			115.42	< 0.001
Positive	363 (34.4)	141 (14.1)
Negative	691 (65.6)	862 (85.9)
Loneliness			467838.00	< 0.001
Hardly ever or never	452 (42.9)	535 (53.3)
Sometime	481 (45.7)	392 (39.1)
Often	120 (11.4)	76 (7.6)
Not reporting	1 (0)

GHQ-12: 12-item General Health Questionnaire.

∗: GHQ-12 scores exceeding threshold indicative of clinically significant levels of mental distress (4 or more points).