Table 1.
Summary of genes significantly associated with PTSD from current review.
| Study type |
Findings |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Family study |
Parental PTSD and trauma exposure increased the risk of offspring PTSD. |
||||
| Twin study |
There were moderately heritabilities of PTSD and trauma exposure. |
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| System | Gene | Main effect | GXE effect | Related loci/variant | |
| Candidate gene | Dopaminergic system | DRD2 | ✓ | – | TaqIA, rs1800497, rs6277 |
| DAT1 | ✓ | – | VNTR | ||
| DRD4 | ✓ | – | VNTR | ||
| DRD3 | ✓ | – | rs2134655, rs201252087, rs4646996, rs9868039 | ||
| Serotonergic system | SLC6A4 | ✓ | ✓ | VNTR, rs4795541, rs25531 | |
| 5-HT2A | ✓ | – | rs6311 | ||
| HPA axis | FKBP5 | – | ✓ | rs1360780, rs3800373, rs9296158, rs9470080 | |
| CRHR2 | ✓ | – | rs2267715 | ||
| CRHR1 | – | ✓ | rs4458044 | ||
| ADCYAP1R1 | ✓ | ✓ | rs2267735 | ||
| Other systems | APOE | ✓ | – | APOE 2 allele | |
| OPRL1 | ✓ | – | rs6010719 | ||
| CRP | ✓ | – | rs1130864 | ||
| SLC18A2 | ✓ | – | rs2267735 | ||
| RGS2 | ✓ | – | rs4606 | ||
| GWAS | Nuclear genome | RORA | ✓ | – | rs8042149, rs17303244 |
| TLL1 | ✓ | rs6812849, rs1503292, rs7691872 | |||
| COBL | ✓ | ✓ | rs406001, rs382903, rs450378 | ||
| AC068718.1 (lincRNA gene) | ✓ | – | rs10170218 | ||
| PRTFDC1 | ✓ | – | rs6482463 | ||
| Mitochondria genome | MT-ATP8 | ✓ | – | mt8414 | |
| MT-ND5 | ✓ | – | mt12501 | ||
DRD2: dopamine receptor D2; DRD3: dopamine receptor D3; DRD4: dopamine receptor D4; DAT1: dopamine transporter 1; SLC6A4: Solute Carrier Family 6, member 4; 5-HT2A: 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2A; FKBP5: FK506 binding protein 51; CRHR1: corticotrophin-releasing hormone receptor 1; CRHR2: corticotrophin-releasing hormone receptor 2; ADCYAP1R1: (pituitary) adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide receptor 1; APOE: Apolipoprotein E; OPRL1: opioid receptor-like 1; CRP: C-reactive protein; SLC18A2: Solute Carrier Family 18, member 2; RGS2: regulators of G-protein signaling 2; RORA: receptor related orphan receptor alpha; TLL1: Tolloid-like 1; COBL: cordon-bleu; PRTFDC1: phosphoribosyl transferase domain containing 1; MT-ATP8: mitochondrial ATP synthase subunits 8; mitochondrial NADH (nicotinamide adenine diphosphate hydride) dehydrogenase subunits 5; VNTR: Variable Number Tandem Repeat; G × E: gene-environment interaction.