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. 2021 Aug 6;12:442. doi: 10.1186/s13287-021-02528-x

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 3 — Construction and in vivo implantation of NGCs. a Exosomes release from alginate hydrogel. The cumulative release of exosomes was tested by the Bradford Protein Assay Kit. b NGCs were implanted in SD rat sciatic nerve defect model. Alginate hydrogel with Exo^empty or Exo^NT-3 or without exosomes (1 mg/ml) was mixed (1:1 vol/vol) and syringed into 10 mm silicone conduits and then implanted in sciatic nerve defect in situ. Autogenous nerve inversed grafting served as the comparison. c Representative Caliper IVIS Lumina II images of rat. The exosomes were labeled DiR before NGCs construction. The rats were performed IVIS imaging after the implantation of NGCs. d qPCR analysis of NT-3 mRNA expression level in the distal segment of the transected nerves after 2, 4 and 8 weeks postoperation. e Statistical analysis of the diameter of regenerative nerve tissues after 8 weeks postoperation. f Gross observation of regenerative nerve tissues. Data are presented as mean ± SEM, n = 6 rats per group. *P < 0.05 by one-way ANOVA with post hoc Bonferroni correction