Table 1.

Definition of independent variables

Variable	Definition
Sociodemographic
Maternal age	Age in years, further grouped 15–24, 25–34 and 35+ years
Educational level	Highest level attained, classified as none, primary, secondary and tertiary
Marital status	Either married or unmarried
Residence	Either rural or urban
Employment status	Categorized as unemployed, informal employment or formal employment
Religion	Grouped as none, Roman Catholic, Protestant/other Christian or Muslim
Obstetric
Parity	Number of live births, further categorized as 1, 2 and 3 +
Gestational age at 1st ANC visit	Pregnancy age at 1st ANC visit, further grouped as ≤ 16 or > 16 weeks
Frequency of ANC visit	Total number of ANC visits, further classified as < 4 and ≥ 4 weeks
Experience of SP side effects	Whether a woman experienced SP side effects or not
Knowledge related
Knowledge of MiP dangers	≥ 3 correct responses indicated adequate knowledge, 2 correct responses indicated moderate knowledge, 1 correct response indicated low knowledge, otherwise unknowledgeable
Knowledge of MiP prevention	≥ 3 correct responses indicated adequate knowledge, 2 correct responses indicated moderate knowledge, 1 correct response indicated low knowledge, otherwise unknowledgeable
Knowledge of IPTp-SP benefits	Identifying malaria prevention as the benefit of IPTp-SP indicated good knowledge, otherwise poor knowledge
Knowledge of IPTp-SP start	Mentioning gestation age between 13 to 16 weeks as the best time to start IPTp-SP indicated good knowledge, otherwise poor knowledge
Knowledge of optimal SP dose	Mentioning uptake of SP doses in the range of 3 to 8 during the entire pregnancy period indicated good knowledge, otherwise poor knowledge
Health service delivery
SP administration at ANC clinic	Either a woman ever missed or never missed being issued SP
ANC clinic working hours	Whether ANC services were accessible half day or whole day
Maternal services fee	Whether a woman ever paid for ANC services or not
ANC clinic waiting time	Time in minutes spent queueing before being attended to at ANC clinic, further grouped as ≤ 30 and > 30 min
Water provision at ANC clinic	Whether ANC clinic provided water for taking SP always, sometimes or never, as reported by a pregnant woman
Clean water at ANC clinic	Whether water for taking SP at ANC clinic was clean always, sometimes or never, as reported by a pregnant woman
Clean cups at ANC clinic	Whether cups/glasses for taking SP at ANC clinic were clean always, sometimes or never, as reported by a pregnant woman
Enough cups at ANC clinic	Whether cups/glasses for taking SP at ANC clinic were enough or not, as reported by a pregnant woman
Health worker-client relationship	On most occasions; 1. Whether a health worker greeted a pregnant woman before attending to her, 2. Whether enough time was spent attending to the woman, 3. Whether the woman was counselled/ educated on IPTp-SP benefits, 4. Whether the woman was given a chance to ask questions, 5. Whether the woman felt comfortable asking questions, 6. Whether her questions were answered satisfactorily, 7. Whether the health worker ever shouted at the woman. At least four positive responses to the first six questions and a negative response to the last question indicated good relationship, otherwise poor