Table 1.
Study characteristics of the included studies.
| Study | Intervention | Intervention frequency; duration | Control condition | Sample size (Male, %) | Age (years), mean (SD) | Primary measure | Follow-up assessment (postbaseline) | Adverse events |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bormann et al.65 2013 | MRP + TAU, group-based | 6 sessions, 1.5 h; 1 time/week |
TAU | 146 (97) | 57 (10.10) | CAPS | 6-week (post-intervention) | No |
| Bormann et al.66 2018 | MRP, individual-based | 8 sessions, 1 h; 1 time/week |
PCGT | 173 (85) | 48.9 (14.54) | CAPS | 2-month | Not mentioned |
| Bremner et al.58 2017 | MBSR, group-based | 9 sessions, 2.5 h; 1 time/week+ a 6-h retreat |
PCGT | 17 (100) | 34.5 (8.28) | CAPS | 6-month | Not mentioned |
| Carter et al.68 2013 | SKY, group-based | 22 h, 5 days; | WLC | 25 (100) | 58.5 (4.17) | CAPS | 6-month | Yes |
| Davis et al.62 2018 | MBSR, group-based | 9 sessions, 1.5 h; 1 time/week+ a 6-h retreat |
PCGT | 191 (81) | 51.4 (11.13) | CAPS | 16-week | No |
| Goldstein et al.72 2018 | Integrative exercise, group-based | 36 sessions, 1 h; 3 times/week |
WLC | 47 (81) | 46.8 (14.93) | CAPS | 12-week (post-intervention) | Not mentioned |
| Kearney et al.76 2012 | MBSR + TAU, group-based | 9 sessions, 2.5 h; 1 time/week+ a 7-h retreat |
TAU | 47 (79) | 52 (12.50) | PCL | 4-month | Yes |
| Kearney et al.40 2016 | MBSR + TAU, group-based | 9 sessions, 2.5 h; 1 time/week+ a 7-h retreat |
TAU | 55 (85) | 49.9 (7.19) | PSSI | 6-month | Not mentioned |
| King et al.71 2016 | MBET, group-based | 16 sessions, 2 h; 1 time/week |
PCGT | 23 (100) | 32.1 (8.43) | CAPS | 16-week | Not mentioned |
| Lang et al.67 2019 | CM, group-based | 10 sessions, 1.5 h; 1 time/week |
Veteran.calm | 28 (75) | 49.1 (14.5) | CAPS | 10-week (post-intervention) | No |
| Nakamura et al.64 2011 | MBB, group-based | 2 sessions, 1.5 h; 1 time/week |
Sleep hygiene (1 h/week) | 63 (95) | 52.1 (10.46) | PCL | 2-week (post-intervention) | Not mentioned |
| Nakamura et al.63 2017 | MBB, group-based | 3 sessions, 3 h; 1 time/week |
Sleep hygiene Education | 60 (90) | 50.7 (7.3) | PCL | 3-month | Not mentioned |
| Nidich et al.56 2018 | TM, group-based | 12 sessions, 1.5 h; 1 time/week |
PTSD health education | 134 (84) | 46.3 (15.31) | CAPS | 6-month | No |
| Niles et al.60 2012 | MBSR, individual-based | 8 sessions; 2 in-person sessions (45 min) +6 weekly telephone sessions (20 min) | Telehealth psychoeducation | 27 (100) | 52 (13) | CAPS | 6-week | No |
| Polusny et al.30 2015 | MBSR, group-based | 9 sessions, 2.5 h; 1 time/week+ a 6.5-h retreat |
PCGT | 116 (84) | 58.5 (9.8) | PCL | 2-month | No |
| Possemato et al.61 2016 | Primary care brief mindfulness training, group-based | 4 sessions, 1.5 h; 1 time/week |
PC-TAU | 62 (87) | 46.4 (16.3) | CAPS | 8-week | No |
| Reinhardt et al.70 2017 | Kripalu yoga, group-based | 20 sessions, 1.5 h; 2 times/week |
WLC | 15 (88) | 47.8 (13.77) | CAPS | 22-week | Not mentioned |
| Seppälä et al.69 2014 | SKY, group-based | 7 sessions, 3 h; 1 time/day |
WLC | 20 (100) | 28.6 (4.95) | PCL | 1-year | Not mentioned |
| Wahbeh et al.55 2016 | Mindfulness meditation, individual-based | 6 sessions, 20 min; 1 time/week | Sitting quietly | 77 (95) | 52.1 (12.34) | PCL | 6-week (post-intervention) | Not mentioned |
CAPS: clinician Administered PTSD Scale; CM: compassion meditation; MBB: mind-body bridging; MBET: mindfulness-based exposure therapy; MBSR: mindfulness-based stress reduction; MRP: mantram repetition program; PCGT: present-centered group therapy; PCL: PTSD Checklist; PC-TAU: primary care treatment as usual; PSSI: PTSD Symptom Scale Interview; PTSD: posttraumatic stress disorder; SKY: Sudarshan Kriya yoga; TAU: treatment as usual; TM: transcendental meditation; WLC: waitlist control.